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GCSE > Geography-Paper1-River & Coasts > Flashcards

Geography-Paper1-River & Coasts Flashcards

1
Q

What is the properties of a constructive waves?

A

Constructive waves have a strong swash and weak backwash. The swash brings sediment to build up the beach and the backwash is not strong enough to remove the sediment.

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2
Q

What is the properties of a destructive waves?

A

Destructive waves have a weak swash and strong backwash. The strong backwash removed sediment from the beach.

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3
Q

What are the factors of the size and the energy of the waves?

A
  • The fetch – how far the wave has travelled
  • The strength of the wind
  • How long the wind has been blowing
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4
Q

What are the three type of weathering?

A
  • Physical
  • Biological
  • Chemical
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5
Q

What is Freeze-thaw?

A

A physical process which occurs when rocks contain holes or are permeable and allow water to pass through. Water enters cracks in the rock, when temperatures drop, the water freezes and expands causing the crack to wider, the ice melts and water makes it way deeper into the cracks and the process repeats itself until the rock splits.

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6
Q

What type of weathering is by plants?

A

Biological

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7
Q

How do plants process weathering?

A

The roots of the plants burrow down into the rock and weaken the structure until
it breaks away.

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8
Q

What are the examples of chemical weathering?

A

Rainwater and seawater can often be a weak acid and can dissolve soft rock like limestone over time.

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9
Q

What is mass movement?

A

This is a process which the downhill movement of sediment due to gravity. There are four types of mass movement.

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10
Q

What are the four types of mass movement?

A
  • Rockfall
  • Mudflow
  • Landslide
  • Rotational slip
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11
Q

What is rockfall?

A

Bits of rock fall off the side of a cliff due to freeze thaw

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12
Q

What is mudflow?

A

Soil filled with water and falls down a slope

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13
Q

What is landslide?

A

Large blocks of rock fall or slide downhill

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14
Q

What is rotational slip?

A

Soil filled with water slumps down a curved surface

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15
Q

What are the four type of erosion?

A
  • Hydraulic action
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
  • Corrosion
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16
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

The power of the waves as they smash against the cliff. This causes air to
become trapped in the cracks in the rock and causes the rock to break apart.

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17
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Pebbles grind along a rock platform, much like sandpaper. Over time the rock becomes smooth.

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18
Q

What is attrition?

A

Rocks that the sea is carrying collide with each other. They break apart to become
smaller and more rounded.

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19
Q

What is corrosion?

A

When sea water dissolves certain types of rocks. Soft rock like chalk and limestone
cliffs are prone to this type of erosion.

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20
Q

What is Longshore drift?

A
  • Material has to be transported along the coast.
  • Winds travel in the direction of the prevailing winds.
  • Waves hit the coast at a right angle and the material that is being carried is pushed up the beach by the swash.
  • The backwash then carries material down the beach at right angles back towards the sea.
  • Over time, materials zigzag along the coast.
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21
Q

What are the four types of material movement by longshore drift?

A
  • Solution
  • Suspension
  • Traction
  • Saltation
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22
Q

What is solution?

A

Soluble materials dissolve in the water and are carried along

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23
Q

What is suspension?

A

Particles are suspended and carried within the water

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24
Q

What is traction?

A

Large pebbles are rolled around the seabed

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25
Q

What is saltation?

A

Pebbles ‘hop’ along the seabed as they are too heavy to be suspended

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26
Q

What is concordant coastlines?

A

A concordant coastline has the same type of rock along its length

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27
Q

What is a discordant coastlines?

A

Coastlines where the geology alternates between strata (or bands) of hard rock and soft rock

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28
Q

How do bays and headland form?

A
  • Tougher, resistant bands of hard rock are eroded slowly to form headlands (the bits of rock that stick out) and weaker rocks erode more easily to form bays.
  • Bays are sheltered, this allows deposition of materials and a beach will form whilst headlands will have steep sides.
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29
Q

How do caves form?

A
  • Although it is made from hard rock, a headland can get eroded because the waves refract around the headland and attack the sides of it.
  • Waves hit against the headland, enter these cracks and through processes such as abrasion and hydraulic action, these weaknesses widen and become caves.
30
Q

How does arch form?

A

Over time and continued erosion these caves will erode all the way through the
headland and will become an arch.

31
Q

How does stack form?

A

The arch is enlarged by erosion and the top of the arch is weakened by weathering.
This causes the top of the arch to fall into the sea. This then forms a stack which is a rock on its own away from the headland.

32
Q

How does stump form?

A

Over time this stack is attacked by waves and will eventually be eroded down to a stump.

33
Q

How does wave cut platform form?

A

Waves break against cliffs, during high tide erosion (hydraulic power & attrition) will cause a dent in the cliff face, this is called a wave cut notch which gradually deepens. Over time the notch deepens, undercutting the cliff and eventually the overhanging cliff will collapse into the sea as it is unsupported. The collapsed material will be washed away, and
this process continues. A wave cut platform is the gentle sloping rocky
platform that us left behind. Over time this will become smooth through processes such as abrasion.

34
Q

List all the features can be found at the coast

A
  • Bay
  • Headland
  • Cave
  • Arch
  • Stacks
  • Stumps
  • Wave cut platform
  • Beach
  • Sand dune
  • Spit
  • Bar
35
Q

How does beach form?

A
  • Beaches are formed by the deposition of sand and shingle.
  • Sandy beaches are mainly found in sheltered bays and are created by constructive waves.
  • Pebble beaches are found at ‘high energy’ coastlines and the sand is washed away leaving behind the pebbles.
36
Q

How does sand dune form?

A
  • These are formed when material (sand) is deposited by longshore drift.
  • Winds pick up this material and blows it over the beach, obstacles (rocks/ driftwood) will causes the winds to slow down and drop the sand they have been carrying.
  • Dunes develop as vegetation starts to grow round the obstacle and causes more sand to be deposited creating an embryo dune.
  • Over time dunes move inland as newer embryo dunes are formed, these are called mature dunes.
37
Q

How does spit form?

A
  • These are long stretches of sand that stick out into the sea. This happens because there has been a change in the direction of the coastline.
  • Longshore drift transports sand past the bend and deposited it in the sea.
  • Spits continue to grow until there is a change in wind and/or waves which will curve the end of the spit.
  • A saltmarsh will often form behind a spit as it is protected from waves, this also means that vegetation can grow there.
38
Q

How does bar form?

A
  • A bar is a spit that connects two headlands.
  • This bar will cut the bay behind it, this is now known as a lagoon.
39
Q

How does sea wall work?

A

Concrete barriers which reflect the waves back out to sea.

40
Q

What are the advantages of sea wall?

A

They are very effective and can also be used as a walkway

41
Q

What are the disadvantages of sea wall?

A

The prices (very expensive) and can often be an eyesore as they are unnatural.

42
Q

How does groyne work?

A

Rock/wooden structures built at right angles to prevent longshore drift, build up and the beach will reduce the waves energy further away from the land it is protecting.

42
Q

What are the advantages of groynes?

A

The price (they are relatively cheap) and they enlarge the beach which gives better protection and can be good for tourism.

42
Q

What are the disavantages of groynes?

A

Increase erosion elsewhere as they prevent material being transported to other areas.

43
Q

What are the advantages of rock armour (rip rap)

A

Relatively cheap and easy to maintain

43
Q

How does rock armour work (rip rap)?

A

Piles of rocks at the foot of a cliff or piled up along the coast, they absorbed the waves energy and reduce erosion.

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of rock armour (rip rap)?

A

Can be expensive to transport the rocks and some are moved by strong storm
waves so need to be replaced.

45
Q
A
46
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Hard engineering uses artificial structures to control natural processes

47
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Soft engineering involves methods that work with natural processes

48
Q

How does beach nourishment work?

A

Sand is taken from offshore and placed to the beach. This builds up the beach and adds additional protection from erosion.

49
Q

What are the advantages of beach mourishment?

A

cheap and easy to maintain and blends in with the existing beach.

50
Q

What are the disadvantages of beach nourishment?

A

needs constant maintenance so could be costly and taking sand from offshore
could impact the wildlife.

51
Q

How does dune regeneration work?

A

Vegetation is added to stabiles sand dunes and help them become bigger. This adds an extra buffer from the sea.

52
Q

What are the advantages of dune regeneration?

A

Stabilising the dunes is cheap and is good for the wildlife

53
Q

What are the disavantages of dune regeneration?

A

Only benefits a small area and easily damaged or destroyed by storms.

54
Q

How does managed retereat work?

A

Remove all forms of protection and allow the sea to flood the land behind, which will eventually become a marshland and become a natural defense from flooding

55
Q

What are the advantages of managed retreat?

A

It is cheap, easy and good for the environment (plants and wildlife).

56
Q

What are the disadvantages of managed retreat?

A

Choosing which site to flood can cause conflicts and sea water can damage existing ecosystems.

57
Q

What is the name of the beach for coast case study?

A

Borth

58
Q

Where is Borth beach located at?

A

Cardigan Bay, Wales

59
Q

How many people live at Borth beach?

A

1500

60
Q

How many tourist are there during summer months?

A

7000

61
Q

How much money has the Borth council decided to update the coastal defenses in the area?

A

£39 million

62
Q

How many homes at Borth beach are protected from climate change, sea level rise and increased number of storms and aimed to minimize those effects for the next 20-50 years?

A

450

63
Q

What coastal management are included in these schemes at Borth beach?

A
  • Rock groynes
  • Rock armour
  • Sea wall
  • Beach nourishment
64
Q

Have the sea defenses at Borth been successful?

A

Yes

65
Q

Where else is affected by the groynes at Borth? Is it a positive r negative effect?

A

Ynyslas. Negative effect.

66
Q

How does the groynes at Borth affects the coast at Ynyslas?

A

The sand dunes are shrinking because the amount of sand is getting trapped at Borth.

67
Q

How does the coastal schemes at Borth affect the house prices?

A

Storms in recent years have caused very little damage which has resulted in house prices increasing.

68
Q

What is the name of the storm that forced overtopping of the new defenses at Borth?

A

Storm Imogen

69
Q

What year did Storm Imogen damaged Borth?

A

2016

GCSE (31 decks)

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