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Germany Flashcards

1
Q

How long were the Weimar Republic in power?

A

1919-33

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2
Q

When did the Kaiser abdicate?

A

November 1918

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3
Q

When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?

A

June 1919

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4
Q

What were the strengths of the Weimar constitution?

A

Most democratic country in the world (equal rights, all 20+ had the vote)
State governments were continued, so states could maintain their traditions

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5
Q

What were both strengths and weaknesses of the Weimar constitution?

A

Proportional representation in parliament meant all parties had fair share of Reichstag seats, led to weak coalition governments
President could make laws without consent of the Reichstag, this could protect Germany in a crisis, or be abused

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6
Q

What were the weaknesses of the Weimar constitution?

A

Free speech meant opposition groups could attack government
No changes made to army or judiciary
Voting system made it hard for government to enforce unpopular policies
President had power to appoint and dismiss Chancellor

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7
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles do?

A

Land - loss of territory (industry)
Army - reduced size of army and navy, demilitarisation of the Rhineland
Money - 6.6 billion in reparations
Blame - War Guilt Clause, Germany had to accept blame for causing the war

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8
Q

How did the TOV effect Germany?

A

Germans hated it - ‘stabbed in the back’ by Weimar politicians that agreed to ceasefire in November 1918 when Germans thought they had almost won war
Economic problems - Germany lost a lot of industrial areas and had to pay reparations
^These weakened Weimar and helped its opponents like the Nazis

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9
Q

When was the Spartacist Revolt and what did they want?

A

January 1919 - wanted communist revolution, inspired by the Russian Revolution of 1917

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10
Q

What happened in the Spartacist Revolt?

A

Took over gov. newspapers and telegraph bureau
Tried to organise a Berlin general strike
Weimar gov. sent Freikorps to fight off the revolt
After several days of fighting, Spartacists defeated and their leaders Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebneckt shot

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11
Q

When was the Kapp Putsch?

A

March 1920

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12
Q

What happened in the Kapp Putsch?

A

Dr Wolfgang Kapp and a group of Freikorps took Berlin
Weimar gov. asked army to suppress Freikorps and trade unions to organise a general strike
Army refused, trade unions agreed
Strike caused chaos, Kapp couldn’t rule, so he fled

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13
Q

Why did the Kapp Putsch happen?

A

Freikorps were a group of ex-soldiers (right wing nationalists)
Used by Weimar to squash Spartacist revolt, but then disbanded in January 1920 when army was reduced
So they tried to take power in the Kapp Putsch

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14
Q

What were the early Nazi Party policies?

A 
1920-22 
Nationalism - national independence
Socialism - everyone works together as a community
Anti-communism
Anti-semitism
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15
Q

What were the opposition groups to the Weimar Republic 1919-22?

A

Nazi Party, Spartacist League and Freikorps

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16
Q

When were the SA formed?

A

1921

Violent arm of Nazi Party AKA stormtroopers

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17
Q

When did Hitler take over the Nazi Party?

A

1921

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18
Q

What does hyperinflation mean?

A

Extreme increase in prices over a short period of time

When gov. has less gold than money, prices increase

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19
Q

When was hyperinflation?

A

1923

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20
Q

What led to hyperinflation?

A

1918-22 printed money for reparations and post-war shortages
January 1923 - French invaded the Ruhr and took reparations in goods and raw materials and German workers striked
So Weimar printed more money to pay strikers
November 1923 - German mark was worthless

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21
Q

What were the negative effects of hyperinflation?

A

Many couldn’t afford essentials like bread
Wages rose slower than prices
Many businesses went bankrupt (taken over by businesses making money)
Those with fixed incomes suffered e.g pensioners
Savings became worthless
Blame went to Weimar gov. making them more unpopular

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22
Q

What were the positive effects of hyperinflation?

A

Farmers got paid more for food
Some people and businesses could pay off loans and mortgages
Fixed rents in rooms/shops became very cheap

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23
Q

What class was most effected by hyperinflation?

A

Middle class
Most likely to be on fixed wages
Most likely to have savings in the bank
They were practically eliminated as gap between rich and poor widened

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24
Q

When was the Munich Putsch?

A

November 1923

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25
Q

Why did the Nazis try to take power in Munich in November 1923?

A

Hitler was established as leader, 50,000 supports and SA
Mussolini succeeded taking power in Italy in 1922
Nazis thought right-winged Bavarian gov. politicians would support them as they hated Weimar
Hitler was close to former army leader General Ludendorff, thought he could persuade German army to help Nazis during Putsch
Weimar gov. was unpopular

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26
Q

What happened during the Munich Putsch?

A

SA burst into Munich beer hall where the leader of the Bavarian gov. Gustav von Kahr was addressing a meeting, Hitler announced they were taking over gov. and tried to gain support.
Next day, Hitler, Ludendorff & 3000 supporters marched through Munich looking for support
Ended in a gun battle with the police and 16 Nazi supporters were killed
Putsch failed, Hitler and Ludendorff were arrested

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27
Q

What were the consequences of the Munich Putsch?

A

Nazi party banned
Leaders imprisoned
But, Hitlers trial created public sympathy
He got minimum 5 year sentence, served only 9 months
Used this time to plan and write Mein Kampf
Gave him time to rethink, armed uprising wouldnt work

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28
Q

Why was the Munich Putsch considered a short-term failure?

A 
Nazis unorganised, police better prepared
Not enough support in Munich
Bavarian gov. didnt support the Nazis
Army and police didnt support the Nazis
Nazi party banned, Hitler sent to prison
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29
Q

Why was the Munich Putsch considered a long-term success?

A

Caused Hitler and other Nazi leaders to rethink tactics
Nazis gained publicity from trial and Mein Kampf became a bestseller
People sympathetic to Nazi ideas, the party was only banned for a short time and Hitlers sentenced was shortened

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30
Q

Who was Gustav Stresemann?

A

Chancellor August-November 1923
Foreign Secretary 1923-29
He boosted German recovery

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31
Q

November 1923 - Stresemann called off passive resistance and agreed to pay reparations

A

Effect/Importance
French withdrew from Ruhr in 1925
Policy of fulfilment allowed later negotiations over reparations

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32
Q

November 1923 - Stresemann introduced new currecy called Rentemark

A

Effects/Importance
Stabilised currency
German people showed confidence in the currency

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33
Q

1924 - Stresemann converted to Reichsmark (which was backed with gold)

A

Effects/Importance

Gradually restored value in German money

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34
Q

1924 - Stresemann negotiated the Dawes Plan with the USA

A

Effects/Importance
Reorganised reparations
Brought foreign investment in Germany

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35
Q

1924-30 Stresemann got USA loans

A

Effects/Importance
Helped pay reparations
Greatly helped German industry

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36
Q

1925 - Stresemann negotiated Locarno Treaties

A

Effects/Importance
Improved relations with UK and France
Guaranteed borders with Belgium, France and Italy

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37
Q

1926 - Stresemann negotiated Germany joining the League of Nations

A

Effects/Importance

Germany seen again as a super power

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38
Q

1929 - Stresemann negotiated the Young Plan

A

Effects/Importance
Set timescale and reduced reparations
France agreed to leave Rhineland early

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39
Q

What evidence of recovery was there during 1924-29?

A

Stable gov. –> still often short lived coalitions
Little support for extremists –> still voiced their opinions
Unemployment fell –> still high compared to others
New roads, railways, homes built –> due to USA loans
1928, German industry back to pre-war levels –> but slowed down after 1927 as farming was depressed
1930 Germany leading exporter of manufactured goods –> reliant on US loans
Germanys importance accepted by world powers –> but some treaties (Dawes&Young Plans) unpopular with German nationalists

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40
Q

Whar were the Nazi Party reforms? 1924-1928

A

Local to national - headquarters in Munich, but branches set up in each Gau led by a Gauleiter
Targeting rural areas - Nazis tried to win support of farmers who were finding times tough
Organisations - different ones set up for different groups e.g Nazi Students League, Hitler Youth, Teachers League and Womens League
SA - changed image of the SA from violent and intimidating to an image of order and discipline, more young men were encouraged to join

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41
Q

How did Nazis get their message across? 1924-1928

A

Rallies - military style marches and speeches by Hitler, popular with young supporters
Meetings - ran classes to train members in public speaking to spread Nazi ideas at meetings and talks
Propaganda - Goebbels targeted specific groups with specific messages e.g anti-semitism propaganda worked best with working class
Posters and Newspapers - Posters got message across and newspapers went more in depth with ideas
Mein Kampf - published in 1925, promoted Nazi aims to remove Jews, destroy communism and expand Germany, it became a bestseller

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42
Q

Who supported the Nazis in 1920’s?

A

Young People
Skilled Workers
Farmers
Middle/Upper Classes that feared communism

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43
Q

When was the Wall Street Crash and what happened?

A

October 1929

US companies lost billions overnight. Many banks and businesses were ruined

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44
Q

What happened as a result of the Wall Street Crash?

A

Triggered a worldwide recession AKA The Great Depression

US stopped lending money to Germany and demanded all loans to be repaid

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45
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash effect German businesses?

The Great Depression

A

Had to pay back loans
No more US investment
Pay increased taxes to gov.
Worldwide recession meant no one had money to buy goods, so markets dried up

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46
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash effect German government?

The Great Depression

A

Couldnt borrow money from US
Refused to print more money (hyperinflation)
Increased taxes
Made unemployment benefit cuts
Gov. workers had cut wages, some lost jobs

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47
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash effect German people?

The Great Depression

A

Businesses closed or reduced staff
Workers and farm labourers lost their jobs
Young people effected badly by job losses
Poverty due to no work and slashed benefits

48
Q

How did The Great Depression impact politics?

A

Weimar gov. blamed for reliance on US loans
Highlighted lack of strong leadership (Stresemann dead)
Two main parties in coalition gov. couldn’t agree on how to solve problem
Hindenburg used Article 48 of constitution to pass laws without Reichstag, so Germany no longer a democracy
New economic policies unpopular
Extremist parties rose in popularity (Nazis & Communists)

49
Q

How did the number of Reichstag seats the Nazis have change?

A

1928 - 12 seats
1930 - 107 seats
July 1932 - 230 seats

50
Q

What were the propaganda methods that caused people to vote for them? 1929-1932

A

Goebbels - posters, radio, rallies, newspapers, parades and marches
Hitlers image - appeared on posters, spoke at rallies and parades, portrayed as a superman that could solve Germanys problems. Blamed communists, Jews, Weimar politicians
SA image - By 1932 image improved and had 600,000 members. Attracted young unemployed men with ordered disciplined parades. Disrupted meetings of rival groups

51
Q

Who voted for the Nazis in July 1932?

A 
Agricultural workers
Middle classes
Working classes
Women
Young people
Upper classes and big businesses
Voted for them as shared the same dislikes e.g communism and believed Nazi propaganda about Jews and gypsies
52
Q

What is the timeline for Hitler becoming Chancellor?

A

March/April 1932 - Hindenburg beats Hitler in the election but Hitler gains support
March 1932 - Hindenburg replaces Chancellor Bruning with Franz von Papen
July 1932 - von Papen (leader of Centre Party) holds Reichstag elections to gain support but he loses seats. Nazi Party becomes the largest party but Hitler is still not made Chancellor
November 1932 - von Papen calls another election and Centre Party loses more seats. Hitler loses some seats but still largest party
December 1932 - Hindenburg removes von Papen, makes von Schleicher Chancellor
28 January 1933 - Lack of support forces von Schleicher to resign
30 January 1933 - HITLER BECOMES CHANCELLOR

53
Q

What are the 3 people that resulted in Hitler becoming Chancellor?

A

Paul von Hindenburg - Used emergency powers to rule without Reichstag after 1930, distrusted Hitler as he was to violent
Franz von Papen - furious when von Schleicher became Chancellor, started negotiating with Hitler. Persuaded Hindenburg to appoint Hitler to keep him under control and became Vice Chancellor to Hitler 1933-34
Kurt von Schleicher - advised Hindenburg not to re-appoint von Papen, thought it would cause communist violence so he became Chancellor instead. Lost support and resigned thinking von Papen would succeed him
ALL THOUGHT THEY COULD USE HITLER THEN GET RID OF HIM

54
Q

When was the Reichstag Fire and what did it result in?

A

27 February 1933
Hitler blamed Dutch communist Marius van der Lubbe, who confessed. Hitler accused German Communist Party of trying to take over gov. and arrested 4000 comms
Hitler persuaded Hindenburg to pass the emergency decree

55
Q

What did the emergency decree do?

A

State could now:
Arrest and detain without trial as long as they wanted
Search and confiscate property
Read post, listen to phones, censor the press
Stop people organising meetings

56
Q

What were the key events in 1933?

A

Reichstag fire –> Emergency decree
March election
Enabling act

57
Q

What happened at the March elections of 1933?

A

Nazis won more seats than ever, but not 2/3 needed to change the weimar Constitution

58
Q

What was the Enabling Act and how did it happen?

A

March 1933 - it gave Hitler the power to make any law he wanted for 4 years without consent of the Reichstag. It meant that Germany was no longer s democracy.
The act was passed 444 votes to 91, this happened by:
Emergency decree meant communists couldnt take up their seats
Hitler made deals with national and centre parties
SA surrounded meeting and threatened opposition politicians

59
Q

How did the Enabling Act allow Hitler to get rid of Nazi opposition?

A

State parliaments closed on 31 March 1933 and reorganised with Nazi majorities, abolished January 1934
Trade unions replaced with German Labour Front and many union officials arrested 2 May 1933
Other political parties: May 1933 SDP and communist party offices and funds were taken by Nazis. July 1933 all political parties banned, now a one party state

60
Q

What were the key events in 1934?

A

Night of the long knives
Hindenburgs death
Cult of the Fuhrer

61
Q

What was the Night of the Long Knives and what happened as a result?

A

30 June 1934
Hitler arranged a meeting with Ernst Rohm and other SA leaders. They were arrested by SS and shot. Following days von Schleicher and Gregor Strasser were killed.
As a result of this night:
Few rivals of Hitler left
Army swore allegiance to Hitler in August 1934
SS were established asa major force

62
Q

Why did the Night of the Long Knives happen?

A

SA no longer needed for Nazis to maintain power
Army wanted SA controlled, and SA was powerful enough to overthrow Hitler if he didnt do something
SA had 2million violent members - a threat to Hitler
SA leaders had bad reputations
Ongoing power struggle between Himmler (SS leader) and Rohm

63
Q

When did Hindenburg die, and what happened as a result?

A

August 1934, Hindenburg only person senior to Hitler

As a result of his death, Hitler declared himself Fuhrer and took on the Presidents power

64
Q

What was Cult of the Fuhrer?

A

Portraying Hitler as God-like
Sacrificing own happiness to serve Germany
Soldier of people that could make Germany great again
people could see and meet him on frequent tours
In Nazi propaganda, speeches at rallies and on radio
People swore allegiance to him personally ‘Heil Hitler’ salute
Gave trusted supporters wide range of powers

65
Q

What did the Nazis use for terror?

A

Nazi police state
SS
Concentration camps and death camps

66
Q

How did the Nazi police state control Germany?

A

New laws used to make it a crime to listen to foreign radio or say anything opposing Hitler or an anti Nazi joke
SS arrested anyone that opposed Hitler or broke the new laws and called it ‘protective custody’
Gestapo spied on people by opening mail and listening to phone calls
Block wardens given 40 households each to spy on for supsicious behaviour
People were encouraged to inform on friends, family, work colleagues and neighbours
Law courts under Nazi control with judges swearing loyalty to Hitler, no trial by jury
Many prisoners taken to concentration camps

67
Q

How did the SS control Germany?

A

Created 1925 as a group of bodyguards for Hitler
After 1929, led by Himmler and grew to act as the police of the Nazi state
Unlimited power to search property, arrest and imprison without trial
Supported by Gestspo and block wardens
Ran concentration and death camps
Helped dispose of SA on the Night of the Long Knives

68
Q

How were concentration camps used to control Germany?

A

First one made 1933
Prisoners sent there for questioning, punishment, torture and reeducation
Bad conditions, treated brutally and forced to do hard labour
Often sent all opposition there

69
Q

What’s the difference between SA and SS?

A

SA dominant before Nazis came to power

SS dominant after Nazis came to power (1933)

70
Q

Whats the difference between concentration camps and death camps?

A

Concentration camps used for political prisoners 1933

Death camps used as extermination centres 1941

71
Q

Who was Josef Goebbels?

A

Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda

Was skilful at spreading Nazi idea’s, he controlled newspapers, radio, books, films and the arts

72
Q

What methods of censorship did the Nazis use?

A

Public burning of books of those thst disagreed with Nazi views
Radio producers, playwrights, filmmakers and newspapers told what to say
Newspapers opposing Nazis were closed
Only radios that couldnt receive foreign stations were made

73
Q

What methods of propaganda did the Nazis use?

A

Hitler was in a lot of posters
Hitler made radio speeches played on loudspeaker at cafes and on the street etc
Entertainment programmes contained Nazi ideas
Cinema had propaganda films and films with subtle Nazi messages
Nazis encouraged playwrights and artists to create work with Nazi ideals. Banned modern art and culture like jazz
Huge rallies and military parades held that either made Germans proud or scared them, both controlled

74
Q

How do Nazi beliefs differ to Christian beliefs?

A

Hitler was ultimate authority, instead of God
Aryan was superior, instead of everyone being equal in the eyes of God
War and military discipline important instead of peace
The strong dominate the weak, instead of the strong looking after the weak

75
Q

Why was Hitler worried about opposition from the Catholic Church and what did he do about it?

A

Opposition:
loyal to the pope
Usually supported Centre Party
People sent their children to Catholic schools and youth organisation
What Hitler did:
1934 Catholic schools had to remove Christian symbols from classrooms and then the schools later closed
1937 Catholic youth organisations became illegal
Priests opposing Nazis sent to concentration camps
However Catholic churches still full and arrested priests were treated as martyrs

76
Q

What were the two protestant churches?

A

Reich Church and Confessional Church

77
Q

What was the Reich Church?

A 
Founded in 1933
Made up of 2000. Protestant churches
Supported by the Nazis
Led by Ludwig Muller
Some members wore Nazi uniform
Basically made so Hitler can control churches
78
Q

What was the Confessional Church?

A 
Founded in 1934
Made up of about 6000 Protestant churches
Opposed the Nazis
Led by Martin Niemoller
Were repressed by the Nazis
79
Q

What was the Catholic Concordat?

A

July 1933 - Hitler let Catholics run their own schools and organisations and in return, the Pope stays out of German politics, this agreement broke down within a year

80
Q

What was the statement ‘With Burning Anxiety’?

A

Pope was criticised for not speaking out against Hitler

1937 Pope issued the statement known as this which criticised Nazi policies

81
Q

Why was there a lack of opposition against the Nazis?

A

Many people resisted privately, not openly
Nazi policies improved many Germans lives
Opposition groups were banned
People feared Gestapo, SS and concentration camps
There was a large number of informers
Also there was genuine support for Hitler ;)

82
Q

How did some Catholics and Protestants oppose the Nazis and what did Hitler do about it?

A

Some Catholic priests and Protestant pastors preached against Nazi policies
1941 action T4 euthanasia programme ended when Catholic Cardinal Galen spoke out against it
Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer spoke out, he was arrested sent to a concentration camp and executed
Many Protestant churches joined the Confessional church in opposition to the Nazi supporting Reich church

83
Q

Who was Pastor Martin Niemoller?

A

He was a pastor that originally supported Hitler and then turned against him when the Reich church was set up
In 1934 he set up the Confessional church
He frequently spoke out against the Nazis
In July 1937 he was arrested and sent to prison for 7 months, but he still spoke out after release
He was then arrested again and spent 7 years in a concentration camp until the end of WW2

84
Q

Who were the White Rose Group?

A

An opposition group set up at Munich university by Hans and Sophie Scholl and Kurt Huber
Non violent, white rose was a symbol of justice
Hans had seen murder of non-Aryans on the Eastern Front
Group let people know about Nazi atrocities
Created and distributed leaflets opposing Nazis and war
All leaders caught and executed

85
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

Small groups that opposed Hitler Youth that grew into a national organisation
Boys wore check shirts and black trousers, girls wore make up and permed their hair
Edelweiss was their symbol
Read and listened to banned media and did anti Nazi graffiti
Spread allied propaganda leaflets
Gave shelter to army deserters
Attacked members of Hitler Youth and killed head of Cologne Gestapo in 1944
Some were caught and hanged

86
Q

Why did army opposition increase in the 1940s?

A

Army members swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler and during 1930s showed little opposition
But in 1940s opposition increased as army suffered defeats on the Eastern Front and many didnt like the SS brutality
Army opposition was Hitlers greatest fear because they had access to weapons and highly trained men

87
Q

What was Operation Valkyrie?

A

Count von Stauffenberg was appalled by his experiences on the Eastern Front and devised Operation Valkyrie, a plan to assassinate Hitler using a bomb in a briefcase
20 July 1944 bomb exploded but Hitler protected by a table
Von Stauffenberg and 5764 others executed for his role, this shows the large army opposition towards the end of the war

88
Q

What was the Nazis ideal woman?

A 
Natural appearance with no make up
Wore traditional clothes
Blonde hair blue eyes
Sturdily built for child bearing
Non smoker and drinker
Marry and have children
Believed in Nazi ideas Kinder, Kuche, Kirche (children, kitchen, church)
Would not go to university and stay at home rather than go to work
89
Q

What was the Nazi policy on women working and was it successful?

A

Women shouldn’t work - many professional women lost their jobs and men were favoured for employment.
This was a success 1933-36 when employed married women fell, but rose when there was a workforce shortage during the war. Many employers preferred women as their wages were less than men’s

90
Q

What was the Nazi policy on women getting married and was it successful?

A

Women should get married - Law for the Encouragement of Marriage 1933 lent money to the couples if the wife left work.
This was a success as the number of marriages did rise, but it was not clear if it was due to the Nazi policy

91
Q

What was the Nazi policy on women and having children, was it successful?

A

Women should have 4+ children - (let off 1/4 of marriage loan repayments for each child) German Workers Enterprise gave women medals for having children and ran classes and radio on household topics.
Suggested success as German Workers Enterprise had 6 million members, implies women supported Nazi idea.
Birth rate increased, but could be due to improving economy
Few women had 2+ children

92
Q

How did Nazis control the youth?

A

Education and youth movements

93
Q

What were the aims of Nazi education policies?

A

Prepare girls to be good wives and mothers
Prepare boys to be strong soldiers to fight for Germany
Create loyal Nazis
Glorify Germany and the Nazi party
Teach Nazi beliefs about race
Put across key Nazi ideals

94
Q

How did the Nazis use schools to control education?

A

Children had to attend state school until 14
Optional schools after 14: National Political Educational Institutes and Adolf Hitler Schools
Separate schools for girls and boys
Schools followed set curriculum which was different for boys and girls

95
Q

How did Nazis use teachers to control education?

A

Compulsory for teachers to be Nazi Party members
Those that didn’t teach Nazi ideas were sacked
Teachers camps taught them how to use Nazi ideas in their teaching
Nearly all teachers in Nazi Teachers Association

96
Q

How did Nazis use subjects to control education?

A

15% time PE for healthy and strong population
Girls taught domestic skills and boys taught science and military skills
Both sexes taught traditional subjects
Taught new subjects, race studies and eugenics taught to both sexes

97
Q

How did Nazis use propaganda to control education?

A

All lessons began and ended with Hitler salute
1935 all textbooks had to be approved by Nazi Party
Traditions subjects re written to glorify Germany
Racial ideas and anti-Semitism embedded into subjects

98
Q

What were the 4 Nazi youth groups?

A

Young German Folk - boys 10-14
Young girls - girls 10-14
Hitler Youth - boys 14-18
League of German Maidens - girls 14-18

99
Q

How did the Nazis use youth groups?

A

Nazis had control of children outside of school
Other youth groups closed (religious & political)
Created loyal Nazis and prepared children for future roles
1936 Hitler Youth Law made it difficult not to join one
1939 joining was compulsory
1940 groups helped war effort
1943 Hitler Youth military reserve, members as young as 12 joined the army

100
Q

What were the problems with the youth groups?

A

Not everyone joined (e.g Edelweiss Pirates)
Some found it boring as it focused on military
Altered family life as took up time on weekends and evenings
Some parents didnt like them as taught children their first allegiance was to Hitler & encouraged them to spy
Conscription meant shortage of adult leaders

101
Q

What were 3 similarities in activities boys and girls had to do in the youth groups?

A

Hiking and Camping
Learning about Hitler and racial superiority
Reporting people making anti-Nazi comments

102
Q

What were 3 differences in activities boys and girls had to do in the youth groups?

A

Girls - cooking
Boys - military drills
Boys - shooting

103
Q

What was the New Plan?

A

1933-1937
Run by Dr Schacht - Minister of the Economy
Aimed to reduce unemployment and make Germany self-sufficient (autarky)
Plan made agreements with other countries for vital supplies in return for German goods
Successfully limited imports
Successfully increased trade production (more jobs)
Schacht lost his job 1937 over a disagreement about rearmament

104
Q

What was the Four Year Plan?

A

1936 onwards
Run by Hermann Goring
Aimed to gear economy towards rearmament and preparing for war
Used prisoners in labour camps as a labour force
Created more jobs in manufacturing (weapons, tanks)
Increased army 1933 - 100,000 1939 - 1,400,000
Unsuccessful - Cost millions but didnt make Germany less dependent on foreign imports for raw materials

105
Q

What was the National Labour Service (RAD)?

A

Started by Weimar and continued by Nazis
July 1935 - compulsory men 18-25 to serve 6 months
They worked on the job creation schemes and public works
Many hated RAD - low wage, long hours and boring work
Provided more JOBS

106
Q

What were the job creation schemes the RAD worked?

A

Built 7000km autobahns
Subsidised private firms like car manufacturers
Constructed public buildings
1936 Berlin Olympic construction

107
Q

What was invisible unemployment?

A

Figures showed falling unemployment, but the figures didnt include:
Jews forced out of jobs
Women dismissed/leaving jobs
Men under 25 doing National Labour Service
Opponents of regime sent to concentration camps

108
Q

What schemes were used to improve German workers lives?

A

German Labour Front (DAF) replaced trade unions and ran the schemes:
Strength through Joy (KdF) - aimed to increase productivity by making workers happy. Did this by providing low cost or free activites
Beauty of Labour (SdA) - Aimed to improve conditions in workplaces. Unpopular as workers had to do this themselves in their spare time
Volkswagen (peoples car) - Workers paid 5 marks a week towards buying the car. No cars bought by 1939 so money went towards rearmament with no refund to workers

109
Q

How were workers lives better off and worse off as a result of Nazi government?

A

More jobs created and most men in work, but few rights as trade unions abolished
Average weekly wage rose 1932 (86) to 1939 (109), but cost of living rose too, cancelled out wage rise
Beauty of Labour gave better conditions, but average work hours increased 1933 (43) to 1939 (47)
Strength through Joy gave better leisure activities for workers, but few workers could afford the best activities and holidays provided

110
Q

Were other people better off or worse off as a result of Nazi government?

A

Most people struggled with food shortages at diff times
Women - some wanted to work, others happy to stay at home
Farmers - benefitted from rising food prices and help from National Labour Service. But others lost workers to army and factories
Businesses - benefitted from Jewish businesses closing. More opportunities due to rearmament and subsidies. Some used concentration camp labour. But some hated Nazi control

111
Q

How did Hitler grow the Aryan race?

A

Race farms were set up where Aryan men and women met to have Aryan children. SS central to this as they only recruited Aryan men that could only marry Aryan women

112
Q

What were non perfect Aryans?

A

Not all Aryans were acceptable to the Nazis
Mentally ill were sterilised
Mentally or physically disabled sterilised and later killed
Gays put in CC’s and experimented on to correct them
Vagrants seen as work-shy and sent to CC’s

113
Q

What is the timeline for treatment of Jews 1933-39?

A

1933 - SA boycott of Jewish shops, lawyers and doctors. There was property damage
Jews working in gov jobs sacked
Jewish actors and musicians banned from performing
1934 - Jews banned from public places eg parks
1935 - Nuremburg Laws meant Jews lost their citizenship (and right to vote) Jews banned from marrying Aryans and Jews banned from joining Army
1936 - Jews banned from professions like vets, accountants, teachers, dentists and nurses
1937 - More Jewish businesses Aryanised (taken over by Aryans)
1938 - April, Jews had to register their property.
Jewish doctors, dentists and lawyers were forbidden to work for Aryans
Jewish passports stamped with ‘J’
Jews had to add ‘Israel’ or ‘Sarah’ to their names
1938 - November was Kristallnacht, Jewish shops and synagogues set on fire. 20,000 Jews arrested 91 killed
Jewish community had to pay the fine for their property damage and Jews barred from owning or managing businesses

114
Q

Why were Jews persecuted?

A

Associated with communism (Karl Marx was Jewish)
Scapegoat for Germany’s problems
Suspicious of different religion
Jealous of success - Jews successful in business
Blamed for defeat in WW1 and TOV (some politicians involved were Jewish)

115
Q

What was the timeline for treatment of Jews 1939-45?

A

1939 - First ghettos opened in Poland. Jews forced to live here overcrowded with little food. Thousands died from disease and starvation
June 1941 - Germany invaded Russia. Einsatzgruppen units followed German army and rounded up Jews. Would make Jews dig a mass grave then shoot them
Summer 1941 - Nazi leaders decide on FINAL SOLUTION to murder all Jews in German-occupied countries
September 1941 - Jews in German Reich had to wear yellow Star of David
January 1942 - Nazi leaders met at Wannsee Conference to work out final solution details
1942-45 - Millions of Jews from German-occupied Europe sent to Poland death camps. Those that couldnt work killed straight away in gas chambers and burned or left in mass pits. Others in worked in bad conditions with little food. Others used for medical experiments.
By the end of the war 6million Jews killed

116
Q

How did the Second World War change the ‘Jewish problem’?

A

January 1939 - Reich Central Office for Jewish Emigration set up to force Jews to leave Germany.
WW2 changed this because:
Germany took over places they planned to move Jews to
New parts of the Reich had even more Jews
World opinion mattered less, treatment could be more extreme

117
Q

How could the Holocaust happen?

A

Terror - people feared Gestapo and the SS. They punished anyone who helped Jews or spoke out against the Nazi regime
Some unaware of whats happening (death camps were mainly in Poland)
Propaganda - Since 1920’s Nazis had bombarded people with anti-Semitic propaganda in posters, newspapers, cinemas etc. so some Germans believed this and supported the Nazi policies on Jews

History (3 decks)

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