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UWorld > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

How does aspirin affect colorectal cancer?

A

Protective.

Increased COX2 linked to progression of adenoma to carcinoma. ASA is inhibits COX2 and is protective against polyp formation.

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2
Q

What is the affect of ACh on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Increased insulin secretion via M3 receptors

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3
Q

What is the affect of Glucagon on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Increased insulin secretion via Gs/Gq coupled receptors

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4
Q

What is the affect of B2 agonists on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Increased insulin secretion via Gs coupled receptors

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5
Q

What is the affect of GLP-like peptide on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Increased insulin secretion via Gs coupled receptors

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6
Q

What is the affect of A2 agonists on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Decreased insulin secretion via Gi coupled receptors

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7
Q

What is the affect of Somatostatin on pancreatic B-cells?

A

Decreased insulin secretion via Gi coupled receptors

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8
Q

What is the stool osmotic gap in a patient with lactase deficiency?

A

More H+ due to bacterial fermentation of lactose in gut

Increased osmotic gap because stool is more acidic

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9
Q

What is the H+ breath content in a patient with lactase deficiency?

A

Increased H+ on breath because of gut bacteria fermenting the lactose

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10
Q

How much energy (cals) comes from 1 g of protein?

A

4 cal

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11
Q

How much energy (cals) comes from 1 g of carbs?

A

4 cal

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12
Q

How much energy (cals) comes form 1 g of fat?

A

9 cal

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13
Q

What is the function of heme oxygenase?

A

Converts heme to biliverdin (green of bruises)

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14
Q

What are the main steps in B12 absorption?

A 
B12 + R (haptocorrin, from saliva)
B12/R cleaved by pancreatic enzymes in prox. duodenum
B12 + IF (from gastric parietal cells)
Bind IF receptor in terminal ileum
B12 absoprtion
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15
Q

What is a GI risk of halothane administration for anesthesia?

A

DILI: drug induced liver injury

  • Extensive hepatocellular damage
  • Shrunken liven
  • Increased ALT/AST & PTT
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16
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

17
Q

Where is folate absorbed?

A

Jejunum, ileum

18
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum (with bile salts)

19
Q

CCK: source + action

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

Increased secretions (pancreatic, gallbladder)
Decreased gastric emptying
20
Q

Gastrin: source + action

A

G cells (antrum of stomach)

Increased H+ secretion
Increased growth of gastric mucosa & motility

21
Q

GIP: source + action

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, aka gastric inhibitory peptide

A

K cells (duodenum, jejunum)

Exocrine: decreased H+ secretion

Endocrine: increased insulin secretion

22
Q

Motilin: source + action

A

Small intestine

MMC

23
Q

Secretin: source + action

A

S cells (duodenum)

Increased pancreatic HCO3- secretion
Increased bile secretion
Decreased gastric acid secretion

24
Q

Somatostatin: source + action

A

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

Decreased gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion
Decreased pancreatic and small intestine fluid secretion
Decreased gallbladder contraction
Decreased insulin and glucagon release

(all around inhibitory!)

25
Q

NO: source + action

A

Endothelial cells

Increased smooth muscle relaxation, including LES

26
Q

VIP: source + action

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

A

PS ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder, small intestine

Increased intestinal water and electrolyte secretion
Increased relaxation of smooth muscle and sphincters

VIPoma = WDHA
watery diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria

27
Q

Intrinsic Factor: source + action

A

Parietal cells (antrum of stomach)

Binds B12 (required for B12 uptake)

28
Q

Gastric Acid: source + action

A

Parietal cells (antrum of stomach)

Decrease stomach pH

29
Q

Gastric Acid stimulators include:

A

Acetylcholine
Gastrin
Histamine

30
Q

Gastric Acid inhibitors include:

A

Prostaglandin
SST
GIP
Secretin

31
Q

Pepsin: source + action

A

Chief cells (antrum of stomach)

Protein digestion

32
Q

How is Pepsinogen cleaved to Pepsin?

A

by H+

33
Q

HCO3-: source + action

A

Mucosal cells (stomach, duodenum, salivary glands, pancreas) and Brunner glands (duodenum)

Neutralize acid

34
Q

a-amylase: source + action

A

Pancreas

Starch digestion

35
Q

Lipase, Phospholipase A, Colipase: source + action

A

Pancreas

Fat digestion

36
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases: source + action

A

Pancreas

Protein digestion

*Secreted as zymogens, cleaved by trypsin

37
Q

Trypsinogen: source + action

A

Pancreas

Activation of zymogens

*Cleaved by enterokinase/enteropeptidase

UWorld (15 decks)

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