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Anatomy > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 functions of the abdominal wall?

A

Assists with breathing
Protects abdominal organs by changing intra-abdominal pressure
Assists with bodily functions by increasing intra-abdominal pressure e.g. childbirth

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2
Q

What are the three flat muscle layers of the abdomen?

A

External oblique
Internal olbique
Transversus abdominus

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3
Q

What are the vertical muscles of the abdomen?

A 
Rectus abdominus 
(Pyramidalis) in some people
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4
Q

Which 3 muscles of the abdominal wall are attached to each other via aponeurosis at the linea alba?

A

External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominus

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5
Q

What is the strip of aponeurosis in the middle of the abdomen called?

A

Linea alba

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6
Q

Define the term aponeurosis?

A

A sheet-like fibrous membrane resembling a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or connect muscles to bone

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7
Q

What is the main blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Superior epigastric artery

Inferior epigastric artery

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8
Q

What is the origin of the superior epigastric artery?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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9
Q

What is the origin of the inferior epigastric artery?

A

External iliac artery

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10
Q

Where does the upper 3/4 of the abdominal wall receive it’s nerve supply from?

A

Continuations of the lower intercostal nerves

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11
Q

Where does the lower 1/4 of the abdominal wall receive it’s nerve supply from?

A

Lumbar nerves

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12
Q

What spinal nerve innervates the anterior abdominal wall midway between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis?

A

T11/12

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13
Q

What spinal nerve innervates the skin over the pubic symphysis?

A

L1

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14
Q

What does the external oblique muscle become in the spermatic cord?

A

External spermatic fascia

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15
Q

What does the internal oblique muscle become in the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster muscle

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16
Q

What does the internal oblique fascia become in the spermatic cord?

A

Cremaster fascia

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17
Q

What does the transversals fascia become in the spermatic cord?

A

Internal spermatic fascia

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18
Q

Where is the inguinal region?

A

Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle. (The point at which structures enter and exit the abdominal cavity)

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19
Q

What is the inguinal ligament?

A

A thickening of the inferior margins of the aponeurosis of external oblique

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20
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A structure found in the medial part of the inguinal ligament which conveys the spermatic cord in males and the round ligament of the uterus in females. Much more prominent in males.

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21
Q

What does the male spermatic cord do?

A

Convey structures between the abdominal cavity and the scrotum through the inguinal canal. The layers of the spermatic cord are continuous with the abdominal wall layers

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22
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries branch off the aorta?

A

L2

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23
Q

Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

A

IVC

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24
Q

Where does the left gonadal vein drain?

A

Left renal vein

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25
Q

What structures are contained within the spermatic cord?

A

Piriformis plexus
Ductus deferens
Testicular artery

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26
Q

What structures are at the start and end of the spermatic cord?

A

Deep inguinal ring, superficial inguinal ring

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27
Q

The inferior epigastric artery is located … to the deep inguinal ring and … to the superficial inguinal ring

A

Medial, Lateral

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28
Q

Where is the deep ring found?

A

The midpoint of the inguinal ligament (halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and pubic tubercle)

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29
Q

Where is the femoral artery found?

A

The midpoint between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic symphysis.

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30
Q

Are direct hernias medial or lateral to the blood vessels?

A

Medial

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31
Q

Are indirect hernias medial or lateral to the blood vessels?

A

Lateral

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32
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major and minor
Iliacus
Quadratus lumborum

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33
Q

Define the term peritoneal cavity

A

Potential space between parietal and visceral peritoneum

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34
Q

Define the term visceral peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that covers abdominal organs

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35
Q

Define the term parietal peritoneum

A

Serous membrane that lines the walls of the abdomen

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36
Q

Define the term intra-peritoneal

A

An organ completely invested in peritoneum

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37
Q

Define the term retro-peritoneal

A

Something behind the peritoneum (covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface only)

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38
Q

Define the terms infra and supra-colic

A

Below and above the transverse mesencolon.

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39
Q

What does the right and left paracolic gutter link?

A

The infra and supra colic spaces (and leads to the hepatorenal recess)

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40
Q

Where in the duodenum does it go from retro peritoneal to on a mesentery?

A

The duodenal-jejunal junction

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41
Q

What is the difference between the portal and systemic venous systems?

A

The portal venous system has no veins

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42
Q

A mesentry is comprised of … layers of peritoneum

A

2

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43
Q

What organs do mesentery attach to the abdominal wall?

A

Stomach, ileum, jejunum transverse colon

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44
Q

What do peritoneal ligaments connect?

A

One organ to another e.g. stomach to the liver or attach an organ to the body wall e.g. liver

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45
Q

What is the omentum extending from the greater curvature of the stomach known as?

A

The greater omentum

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46
Q

Is the kidney retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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47
Q

Is the pancreas retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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48
Q

Is the ascending colon retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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49
Q

Is the transverse colon retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

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50
Q

Is the descending colon retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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51
Q

Is the liver retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

52
Q

Is the spleen retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

53
Q

Is the duodenum retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal (except the 1st part)

54
Q

Is the caecum retro or intraperitoneal?

A

Intraperitoneal

55
Q

Where in the abdominal cavity would fluid collect in an individual in a supine position?

A

Hepatorenal recess

56
Q

Where in the abdominal cavity would fluid collect in an individual when standing?

A

Rectouterine pouch (in women)/Rectovesical pouch (in men), lesser sac

57
Q

Where in the abdominal cavity may gas accumulate in an individual when standing up?

A

The sub-phrenic spaces

58
Q

What is the epiploic foramen?

A

A communication between the greater and lesser sacs

It is bounded anteriorly by the free edge of the lesser omentum.

59
Q

What there structures make up the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery
Portal vein
Common Bile duct

60
Q

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

A

Provide oxygen rich, nutrient poor blood to the liver

61
Q

What is the function of the portal vein?

A

Provide oxygen poor, nutrient rich to the liver from the gut

62
Q

What is the function of the common bile duct?

A

Transports bile from the gallbladder to the duodenum

63
Q

Which organs contact the lesser sac of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Stomach, pancreas, left kidney and the suprarenal gland

64
Q

What muscle makes up the greater part of the tongue?

A

Genioglossus

65
Q

Where is a common place in the pharynx for food to become stuck?

A

The piriform fossa - lateral location near the vocal cords

66
Q

What is the principle muscle making up the nasopharynx region?

A

Superior constrictor muscle

67
Q

What is the principle muscle making up the oropharynx region?

A

Middle constrictor muscle

68
Q

What is the principle muscle making up the laryngeopharynx region?

A

Inferior constrictor muscle

69
Q

Name 4 areas where the oesophagus is impacted by adjacent structures?

A

Where the arch of the aorta passes over it (T4)
Where the bronchus divides and the left bronchus passes over it (T5/6)
Where it passes through the diaphragm (T10)
Where it begins (C8)

70
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the oesophagus pass through?

A

Oesophageal hiatus at T10

71
Q

What are the folds on the inner surface of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

72
Q

What are the function of rugae?

A

Increase surface area/allow for expansion of the stomach

73
Q

What vertebral body is the pylorus of the stomach immediately anterior to?

A

L1 when supine, L2/3 when standing

74
Q

Which part of the duodenum is on a mesentery?

A

Superior

75
Q

Which part of the duodenum do the secretions from the liver and pancreas enter?

A

Descending

76
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

A

Main duodenal papillae (through sphincter of Oddi)

77
Q

Where is the foregut/midgut boundary?

A

Halfway along the duodenum

78
Q

Where is the midgut/hindgut boundary?

A

2/3rd along the transverse colon

79
Q

Which sphincter controls flow into the proximal part of the colon?

A

Ileocecal sphincter

80
Q

What are the 5 parts of the colon?

A 
Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
81
Q

Name 3 features only present in the colon?

A

Taeniae coli
Epiploic appendices
Haustrae (bulges caused by contraction of the taeniae coli)

82
Q

Name the three main branches of the coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

83
Q

Name the six main branches of the superior mesenteric artery

A 
Right colic artery
Middle colic artery
Jejunal arteries
Ileal arteries
Ileocolic arteries
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
84
Q

Name the three main branches of the inferior mesenteric artery

A

Left colic artery
Superior rectal artery
Sigmoidal arteries

85
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

The surface marking the base of the appendix, where it attaches to the caecum - 1/3 along a line extending from the right anterior superior iliac spine of the pelvis to the umbilicus. Pain here is a common indication of acute appendicitis.

86
Q

Name three major sites of porto-systemic anastomoses

A

Oesophageal
Rectal
Umbilical

87
Q

What are the clinical complications of portal hypertension at the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Oesophageal varices
Haemorrhoids
Caput medusa

88
Q

What muscle types form the muscularis externa in the oesophagus?

A

Circular (smooth muscle) and longitudinal (smooth muscle)

The oesophagus has striated muscle on the top 1/3

89
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

90
Q

What type of muscle is the muscularis interna?

A

Smooth

91
Q

What are the large folds in the small intestine called?

A

Plicae

92
Q

What are the finger-like processes on place called?

A

Villi

93
Q

What kind of epithelium is present in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

94
Q

Which parts of the gut tube have glands which extend down beyond the muscular interna into the submucosa?

A

Oesophagus and duodenum

95
Q

What secretory cells are present in the small intestine?

A

Goblet cells, which secrete mucus

96
Q

What kind of cells are present in small intestine epithelium?

A

Enterocytes (absorpative cells), goblet cells, Paneth cells

97
Q

What kind of cells are present in the large intestine epithelium?

A

Goblet cells, enterocytes

98
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

Coeliac trunk –> Common hepatic artery –> Right and left hepatic arteries

99
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Coeliac trunk –> Superior pancreaticoduodenal & branches of the splenic artery
Superior Mesenteric –> Inferior pancreaticoduodenal

100
Q

What is the blood supply to the spleen?

A

Coeliac trunk –> Splenic artery

101
Q

What is the blood supply to the gallbladder?

A

Coeliac trunk –> Right hepatic artery proper –> Cystic artery

102
Q

Name the 5 parts of the pancreas

A 
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
Uncinate process
103
Q

Which part of the pancreas is in contact with the spleen?

A

Tail

104
Q

Which part of the pancreas is in contact with the duodenum?

A

Head

105
Q

How is the pancreas related to the hepatic portal vein?

A

The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein unite behind the neck of the pancreas to form the hepatic portal vein

106
Q

What organs make contact with the anterior surface of the spleen?

A

Stomach
Kidney
Pancreas
Small intestine

107
Q

What lies in the free edge of the falciform ligament?

A

Ligamentum teres/Round ligament

108
Q

What embryonic structure is ligament teres/round ligament remnant of?

A

Umbilical vein

109
Q

What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver which limits the right subphrenic space?

A

Anterior/superior coronary ligament

110
Q

What is the name of the reflection of peritoneum running between the diaphragm and the liver which limits the left subphrenic space?

A

Inferior/Posterior coronary ligament

111
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

The liver hepatocytes

112
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

The gallbladder

113
Q

Where does bile enter the gut tube?

A

The major duodenal papilla (2nd/descending part of the duodenum)

114
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsifies triacylglycerol to help break down dietary fat and facilitates the action of pancreatic lipase

115
Q

What are the hexagon-shaped structures in the liver called?

A

Lobules

116
Q

What is in the centre of each liver lobule?

A

Hepatic vein/Central vein

117
Q

What are the Islets of Langerhan made up of?

A

Alpha, beta and delta cells

118
Q

What do alpha, beta and delta cells produce?

A

Alpha - glucagon
Beta - Insulin
Delta - somatostatin

119
Q

Are the Islets of Langerhan exocrine or endocrine?

A

Endocrine

120
Q

Are the acinar cells of the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Exocrine

121
Q

What do the acinar cells of the pancreas produce?

A

Proteases, Amylases and Pancreatic lipase

122
Q

Describe white pulp

A

Densely stained clusters of large cells, surrounding arterial branches
Made up of aggregates of lymphoid cells - T and B lymphocytes

123
Q

Describe red pulp

A

Less darkly stained cells

Endothelial lined sinusoids are common

124
Q

What surrounds the spleen in histology?

A

A fibrocollagenous outer capsule

125
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the inside of the gallbladder?

A

Simple columnar

126
Q

What is discernible on the luminal surface of the epithelia?

A

Minute rugae which resemble intestinal villi

127
Q

What is the functional of the minute rugae in the gallbladder?

A

They flatten as the gallbladder fills.

Anatomy (2 decks)

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