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Gastrointestinal System > GI Anatomy > Flashcards

GI Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the organisation of the gastrointestinal tract wall

A

MS MP A
Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa)
Submucosa (Meissner’s plexus)
Muscularis propria (Circular muscle, Myenteric/Auerbach’s plexus, Longitudinal muscle)
Adventita

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2
Q

Name the plexuses found in the gastrointestinal tract, also name their locations and functions.

A

Meissner’s plexus in the submucosa and its function is for blood flow and secretions to the GI tract

Myenteric plexus is found in the muscular propria and its function is for motility

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3
Q

Which parts of the GI tract have a mesentery?

A

JASTIR

Jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon and sigmoid colon, rectum

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4
Q

What is the blood supply to the colon?

A

SMA (Ileocolic artery - caecum, Right colic artery - asc. colon, Middle colic artery - trans. colon)

IMA (Left colic artery - desc. colon, Sigmoid branch - sigmoid, Superior rectal artery - upper rectum)

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5
Q

What is the venous drainage of the colon

A

Midgut portion of colon - SMV -> portal vein

Hindgut - IMV -> portal vein

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6
Q

What is the function of the colon?

A

Storage of faeces before defecation

Reabsorption of water from indigestible chyme (via Na+ reabsorption) so <100mls of H20 is excreted

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7
Q

How are haustra formed in the colon?

A

By the taenia coli contracting forming sacculations called haustra

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8
Q

What does a portal triad, found in the portal tract, consist of?

A

Bile duct branch
Portal vein
Hepatic ARTERY

both vessels are a blood supply to the liver

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9
Q

What drains into the central vein and what does the central vein eventually form?

A

Hepatic artery and Portal vein

Hepatic vein

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10
Q

What is found at the free edge of the lesser omentum?

A

Common bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery

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11
Q

Where does the portal vein originate?

A

Behind pancreatic neck (confluence of splenic vein and SMV)

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12
Q

What is the name of the mucous cells that line the gastric pits in the stomach?

What do they secrete?

Why do they secrete these substances?

A

Foveolar cells (pho-ve-olar)

Mucus and HCO3-

physical barrier from Bacterial inflammation
protect stomach against Acid conditions
Lubricant

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13
Q

What layer is found behind the transversus abdominis?

A

Transversalis fascia

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14
Q

What is the rectus sheath made of?

A

The aponeurosis of the anterolateral muscles of the abdomen encloses the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles

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15
Q

What is the arcuate line?

What is significant about it?

A

Inferior margin of the posterior rectus sheath (which is composed of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscles and transversus abdominis)

Point at which the inferior epigastric vessels perforate the rectus sheath and rectus abdominis muscles

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16
Q

Name of the arteries that supply the whole duodenum and what arteries do these arteries branch off from?

A

Proximal duodenum to common bile duct entry: gastroduodenal artery and superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (both CT)

Common bile duct entry to distal duodenum: inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (SMA)

17
Q

Name of the arteries that supply the head of the pancreas and what arteries do these arteries branch off from?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery (CT)
and
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (SMA)

18
Q

What dermatomes cover the epigastric area?

A

T5-T9

19
Q

What dermatome(s) cover the suprapubic area?

A

T12

20
Q

Name the borders of the inguinal canal

A

Anterior: Aponeurosis of the external obliques
Roof: internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Posterior: transversalis fascia (l) and conjoint tendon (m)
Floor: inguinal ligament

21
Q

Where are the deep and superficial inguinal rings found?

A

Deep (hole in the transversalis fascia of the posterior wall (found laterally)
Superficial (hole in the anterior wall of the inguinal canal aponeurosis of the external oblique(found medially))

22
Q

What is the conjoint tendon

A

Internal oblique aponeurosis and transversus abdominis aponeurosis connecting to the pectineal line

23
Q

Describe the

A) lymphatic drainage
B) blood supply
C) innervation

to the anus, above and below the pectinate/dentate line

A 
Above
A) internal ILIAC lymph nodes
B) superior rectal artery from IMA
C) S2,3,4 pelvic parasympathetic nerve
Below
A) superficial inguinal lymph nodes
B) pudendal artery
C) S2,3,4 pudendal nerve
24
Q

What is the vitelline duct?

A

Duct that connects the yolk sac to the midgut lumen

25
Q

What areas of the primitive gut tube have small lumens (as a result of ↑goblet cells so ↑mucus due to ↑cell growth) but then eventually undergo recanalisation?

A

Oesophagus, common bile duct and SI (D,J,I)

26
Q

What are the components of salvia?

A 
Salivary amylase
Lingual lipase
IgA, lactoferrin (draw water out of bacteria), lysozymes
Mucins
K+ and HCO3-: alkaline saliva
27
Q

What does the parotid gland lie on?

Where does the parotid duct pierce into?

A

The masseter

The buccinator opposite the crown of the second upper molar

28
Q

What muscle(s) type is the oesophagus made of?

A

Skeletal (voluntary) -> Smooth (involuntary)

29
Q

Name places in the oesophagus where there are physiological areas of a narrowed lumen?

A

Junction of the oesophagus
Where the arch of the aorta crosses the oesophagus
Where the sharp acute angle of the left bronchus crosses the oesophagus
Oesophagus hiatus (T10), where it pierces into the diaphragm

30
Q

What veins drain the paraumbilical area and do they drain into the systemic or portal system?

What specific vein in the systemic system does one of the veins drain in to?

A

Inferior epigastric vein -> EIV (external iliac vein) - systemic system
Umbilical/para-umbilical vein -> portal system

31
Q

Describe the layers that make up vessels

A

Tunica interna - endothelium
Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle
Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule

Gastrointestinal System (4 decks)

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