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geography > global development - unit 5 > Flashcards

global development - unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a bottom-up development project

A

projects that involve people and communities in project making, often involving small scale projects for the poorest

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2
Q

what is a top-down development project

A

where decisions are made by the government or large companies with little consultation; often large scale and expensive

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3
Q

what is a transnational corporation (TNC)

A

A firm that owns or controls production in more than one country through foreign direct investment

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4
Q

what is water security

A

the capability of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of acceptable water quality

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5
Q

what are spatial variations in levels of development?

A

the changes in the levels of development from one place to another, within the same country or between countries

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6
Q

what is food security

A

when people always have access to enough safe healthy and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle

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7
Q

what is GDP per capita

A

the total value of goods and services produced by a country in one year divided by the population

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8
Q

what is the human development index

A

a standard of means measuring human development using wealth, health and education

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9
Q

what are intergovernmental agreements

A

any agreement between two or more countries

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10
Q

what is International aid

A

the transfer of money, goods or services from one country to benefit the needs of another

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11
Q

what is rapid development

A

when emerging countries develop extremely quickly through private and public investment

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12
Q

what is the secondary sector

A

industry involved in the processing of raw materials

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13
Q

what is the tertiary sector

A

industry that provides a service such as banks and schools

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14
Q

what is the quaternary sector

A

industry which provides intellectual services such as research and development

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15
Q

what is the primary sector

A

industry involved in the extraction of raw materials eg: farming and fishing

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16
Q

what are geopolitical relationships

A

political and trading relationships with other countries through imports and exports

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17
Q

what is a military pact

A

an alliance where places promise to defend each other

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18
Q

what is private investment

A

money invested by companies and organisations

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19
Q

what is public investment

A

investment led by the state with money collected by taxes

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20
Q

what is foreign policy

A

a government’s strategy in working with other countries

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21
Q

what is global status

A

set of features that describes the entity of a place at a particular time

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22
Q

what is GDP

A

Gross domestic product - the total value of goods and services produced in a year by a country

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23
Q

what is GNP

A

Gross National Product - this is the GDP plus overseas earnings - also known as GNI

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24
Q

Name some ECONOMIC factors that affect development

A

. Average wealth / income
. employment rate and job security
. growth rate of the economy
.cost of living

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25
Q

Name some SOCIAL factors that affect development

A

. work life balance
. literacy rates in adults
. percentage of people who have access to drinking water
. corruption of government and police
. how happy people are with their lives

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26
Q

Name some TECHNOLOGICAL factors that affect development

A

. percentage of people who have access to electricity
. types of machinery used in agriculture
. access to the internet and the number of people on phone contracts
. preparation for natural disasters

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27
Q

Name some CULTURAL factors that affect development

A

percentage of girls in secondary education

. in some cultures it’s traditional for women to stay at home and not work- this can hold back development as there is less income coming in and more inequality between men and women

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28
Q

how does lack of adequate food affect the development of a country

A

In 2015, almost 800 million people in the world did not have enough food to lead a healthy and active life

This would lead to malnutrition and if many people get this then there will be less work which slows down the economy

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29
Q

how does lack of safe water affect the development of a country

A

women and children spend 140 million hours a day collecting water - this takes time away from education and they should also have access to clean water

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30
Q

what is the Gini Coefficient

A

a measure of economic inequality. countries are given a score between 0 and 100. as a country develops it gets LOWER
the higher the value the more inequality

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31
Q

what is the Gender Inequality Index

A

a number that calculated using data on eg: women education, access to jobs, political rights and health during pregnancy

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32
Q

what is Corruptions Perceptions Index , CPI

A

a measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100, the lower the score the more corruption there is. as a country develops this gets HIGHER

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33
Q

Physical Factors which cause Global Uneven Development

A
  1. If a country has really poor climate not many crops will grow. This reduces the amount of food available and can lead to malnutrition and a poorer quality of life. It also means that people will have less crops to sell so they will make less money
  2. Countries with few NATURAL RESOURCES tend to make less money because they’ve got fewer products to sell = means there is less to spend on development
  3. countries that have lots of natural disasters have to spend lots of money on rebuilding after disasters occur so they have less money to spend on development
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34
Q

Historic Factors which cause Global Uneven Development

A
  1. Countries that were colonised are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised
  2. European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled their economies, removed their raw materials. This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent on Europe and led to famine
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35
Q

Economic Factors which cause Global Uneven Development

A
  1. Trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries, if a country has poo trade links then it won’t make a lot of money so there will be less to spend on development
  2. Very poor countries borrow money from other countries and international organisations and this leads to debt. this means any money the country makes will be used for paying this debt back not to develop
  3. Countries that mostly export primary products tend to be less developed because you don’t make much profit by selling these goods + these prices also fluctuate. less money = less development
36
Q

Physical Factors which have affected UK development

A
  1. The north and the west of the UK are more mountainous and have a colder wetter climate than the south - this makes farming less productive
  2. It also makes it more difficult to develop infrastructure such as roads and railways - this means its more expensive and time consuming to transport goods to these locations which mean less jobs available
  3. As people tend to have less money this mean that local councils have less to spend on development
37
Q

Historic Factors which have affected UK development

A
  1. London gets lots of investment in infrastructure and services because its the capital , this has had a positive effect on the surrounding regions eg: SE
  2. The decline of heavy industry (deindustrualsiation) has had a greater negative impact on the north, but the growth of post industrial industry has mostly benefited the south
  3. Some areas in the north east have struggled to develop alternative industries so unemployment is high and wages are low
38
Q

Economic Factors which have affected UK development

A
  1. southern regions of the UK have better transport links to mainland Europe and the rest of the world - this means there are better trade opportunities in the south
  2. London has become a global financial centre - it has about 4 times as many jobs as other cities in the UK and the highest average income in the country
  3. Government policies such as investment in new infrastructure and technology and support for businesses (eg: tax breaks) have increased economic growth In some areas
39
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Housing

A
  1. people may not be able to afford to buy a house or there may not be enough houses for everyone - this leads to them making their own houses out of scrap material
  2. slum housing often has no formal access to services which leads to a poor quality of life
  3. a lack of building regulations in less developed countries can lead to a poor quality of housing
40
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Technology

A
  1. uneven development means that some countries have even better access to new technology than others
  2. People in poorer countries may not be able to afford new farm machinery or fertilisers - leading to lower yields and food insecurity
41
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Employment

A
  1. Conditions for workers in developing countries are often poor. Pay is low, hours are long and conditions can be dangerous
  2. a high percentage of people in developing countries are employed in the primary sector
  3. In urban areas lots of poorer people work in low skilled service jobs and they also work in factories
42
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Education

A
  1. less developed countries can’t afford to invest as much in education
  2. poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children have to work to support their families
  3. lack of education means people can’t get better paid skilled jobs in the future
43
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Health

A
  1. in some less developed countries, lack of clean water and poor health care mean that many people suffer from diseases such as malaria - this leads to lower life expectancy
  2. its easier for wealthier people to get access to quality health care snd healthy food
  3. Infant mortality is also much higher in less developed countries
44
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Water Security

A
  1. poorer people have to walk a long way to get water everyday
  2. some diseases are passed on through contaminated water
  3. where water is scarce, supplies of drinking water can become polluted by sewage and chemicals
  4. there may be limited formal provision of water in developing countries
45
Q

Effects of Uneven Development - Food Security

A
  1. a shortage of food can lead to rising prices so the poorest people can’t feed themselves properly
  2. pressure to grow enough to eat can also lead to soil erosion so the land becomes less fertile and it’s harder to produce food
  3. people in poorer countries may not get enough to eat which can lead to undernutrition, starvation and death
46
Q

International Strategies to reduce uneven development

INTER-GOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS

A
  1. the governments of several different countries can work together to help increase development - this is known as an inter-governmental agreement
  2. they often involve inter-governmental organisations, IGO’s like the UN
  3. For example, the sustainable development goals aim to improve life in developing countries, all UN member states agreed to try and achieve these goals by 2030
47
Q

International Strategies to reduce uneven development:

International Aid

A
  1. International Aid is money or resources given by one country to another, aid can also be provided by a charity or IGO
  2. short term aid can also be given to help countries cope with emergencies like natural disasters
  3. Aid is spent on development projects. For example, constructing schools to improve literacy rates and building dams and wells to improve clean water supplies
48
Q

Advantages of a top down approach

A
  1. often used for large projects eg: dams for hydroelectric power or irrigation schemes. These aim to solve large scale problems and Improve the lives of lots of people
  2. projects can improve the countries economy which helps with long term development
49
Q

Advantages of a bottom up approach

A
  1. the often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most venerable people in society
  2. local people get a say in how the money will be used so they get what they need
  3. intermediate technology is used
  4. they have a low environmental impact and these projects are much cheaper
  5. projects employ local people so they earn money and gain new skills
50
Q

disadvantages of a top down approach

A
  1. if the aid takes a form of a loan, the country may have to pay back the money
  2. large projects are often expensive and they may not benefit everyone - (eg: HEP may not supply power to remote areas)
  3. if governments are corrupt, they may use to money for their own purposes so it doesn’t help development
  4. the projects are high tech and energy intensive. The recipient country may become dependent on technology and workers from the donor country for operation and maintenance
51
Q

disadvantages of a bottom up approach

A
  1. most money comes from charities, which often rely on donations from people in richer countries
  2. projects are usually small scale which means they don’t benefit everyone
  3. different organisations may not work together so projects may be innefficent
52
Q

Location and position of INDIA in its region and globally

A
  1. India is an emerging country with a rapidly growing economy
  2. it has the second largest economy in the world and it’s still growing
  3. India was a British colony until 1947, but now India has it’s own demographically elected government
  4. India had a rich and diverse cultural background - it’s renowned for it’s production of Bollywood films which are exported worldwide
  5. the large coastline also allows development of ports, such as Mumbai, increasing trade opportunities
53
Q

why are some regions of India developing faster than others?

what are PERIPHERY AREAS

A

mainly rural with few jobs and very little economic development

54
Q

why are some regions of India developing faster than others?

What are CORE AREAS

A

high industrialised and urbanised areas which are centres for economic growth

55
Q

where have core areas developed?

A

they have developed where there are raw materials

56
Q

what type of effect happens once industries move to an area?

A

THE MULTIPLIER EFFECT

this is when people have better jobs, so they spend more money on local services. This generates wealth in the area so there is investment in infrastructure = this attracts more industries

57
Q

where is GDP highest in India (name the states)

A

The south and west states
eg: Maharashtra, which have the highest proportion of people living in urban areas.

more money = spend more on healthcare = housing and education improves and so does quality of life

58
Q

which states have the highest levels of poverty and why?

A

Peripheral states such as Bihar have higher rates of poverty

Bihar is still dependent on agriculture for much of it’s income but crop yields and prices are very variable

infrastructure is poor, eg: there are very few bridges crossing the river Ganges which means its difficult to transport their goods

59
Q

Changes in Economic Sectors have had positive and negative changes

PRIMARY SECTOR

A
  1. Agriculture employs 43% of the working population, but its becoming a smaller part of India’s economy
  2. Investment is decreasing so there aren’t many new jobs or techniques being introduced
  3. Population growth has increased pressure on jobs and workers tend to be unskilled so they can’t find alternative employment
  4. outdated techniques mean that yields are poor and work is usually seasonal = many rural people are becoming unemployed
60
Q

Changes in Economic Sectors have had positive and negative changes

SECONDARY SECTOR

A
  1. The secondary industry as grown to employ 24% of the workforce
  2. secondary industries are stimulating economic development, they provide people with reliable jobs and selling manufactured goods overseas brings more income into India than selling raw materials does
  3. many people have to do dangerous jobs and working conditions are often poor due to poor lack of regulations
61
Q

Changes in Economic Sectors have had positive and negative changes

TERTIARY AND QUATERNARY SECTORS

A
  1. Both of these sectors have become a much larger part of India’s economy that employs 34% of the workforce
  2. this is due to the growth of IT firms and supplying services for foreign companies such as customer service centres
  3. increased automation and a shift towards developing new technologies rather than low skilled works means that some CO. are reducing the amount of jobs available = this can lead to low job security
62
Q

Characteristics of India’s:

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

A
  1. International trade is the import and export of goods and services between countries
  2. India’s main exports are diamonds and chemicals products such as medicine and it’s main import is crude oil (for transport and industry)
  3. Trade is an increasingly important part of India’s economy. The government used to control trade by limiting imports and exports but since 1991 the country has reduced barriers to trade = increasing trade with foreign businesses
  4. India is part of the World Trade Organisation and a member of G20 ( a group of the 20 world’s largest economies)
  5. the individual countries that India trades with are the US, UAE and china
  6. asian countries are also important in trade
63
Q

Characteristics of India’s:

AID

A
  1. India has been one of the highest receivers of international aid
  2. it has revived many loans from IGO’s like the world bank and many countries
  3. until 2015, India received 2.2 billion US in aid from the IMF in exchange for the government changing its economic policies
  4. until 2015, India received over 200 million each year from the UK to help tackle poverty
  5. however India also gives aid to neighbouring countries in South Asia - this gives India more power in the region and access to more resources like HEP
64
Q

The amount of Public and Private Investment is changing

A
  1. before 1991, public investing was the main type of investment in India
  2. the government prevented private investment in most industries - private businesses needed to get a licence before they could start producing goods
  3. Some large TNC’s from the USA and Europe outsource manufacturing and IT to India
  4. the government is also encouraging smaller Indian businesses to invest - its ‘Startup India’ programme has made it easier for new businesses to set up
  5. since 2012, the Indian government has been increasing the amount of public investment to make sure its economic growth continues
  6. after 1991, more industries were opened up to private sector investment - India is trying to attract more F.I by relaxing the rules on how much land CO.s can own
65
Q

India’s Population is Increasing :

what has happened to India’s population from 1985 to 2015

A

India’s population has rapidly increased - it grew from about 780 million in 1985 to 1.3 billion in 2015

but the rate of growth has been slowing down

66
Q

India’s Population is Increasing:

what has happened to India’s life expectancy since 1985 to 2015

A

life expectancy has increased from 56 in 1985 to 68 in 2015

67
Q

is the population young or old?

A

India’s population is young about 27% are under 14 and the average age is about 30

68
Q

are there more people of working age since 1985

A

Yes, there are more people of working age and a lower proportion of of children - the population pyramids base is narrowing and the top is widening

69
Q

what has happened to the fertility rates from 1985 to 2015?

A

fell from 4.5 to 2.4 due to increased use of contraception and more women working instead of having children

70
Q

what has happened to death and mortality rates?

A

they have fallen due to better healthcare and health education.

71
Q

Changing Social Factors:

what has happened to India’s inequality over the last 30 years

A

it has increased

the Gini coefficient rose from 31.9 to 35.7 in 2019.

most of the new wealth has gone to making the richest people wealthier, whilst the poorest people stay poor

72
Q

Changing Social Factors:

What does the poverty in India look like?

A

over 40% of employed people can earn less than $3.10 a day

however India is home to many multimillionaires

73
Q

what are some POSITIVE social changes

A
  1. There is a growing middle class = as the economy has changed more people have been able to find higher paying jobs which means they can afford more things
  2. education has improved- in 2009 primary education was made free and compulsory
  3. teaching methods have improved and the government is trying to increase the number of people that go onto secondary education
74
Q

Geopolitical Relationships:

Foreign Policy

A
  1. in recent years India has improved relations with its neighbours (eg: joining ASEAN, which is an org made up of countries in S.E Asia)
  2. It has also developed the Act East Policy to increase its influence over ASEAN countries and provide security in the region
  3. this increased trade opportunities and promoted India as a global player = foreign countries are more likely to invest
75
Q

Geopolitical Relationships:

Defence

A

India currently imports a lot of its defence equipment eg: aircraft and weapons but is aiming to build a defence production industry focussed on cyber space and AI.

this could create jobs for up to 3 million people

India has the third largest military budget in the world - spending more on this means less for development

76
Q

Geopolitical Relationships:

Military Pacts

A

India has historically has strong military ties with Russia, which has affected economic policies

however India has recently done a deal with the USA enabling two countries to use each others military bases

a better relationship with the US has increased trade which increases development

77
Q

Geopolitical Relationships:

Territorial Disputes

A

Pakistan and China both disagree with India over some of its land on the border it belongs to

India has actively built relationships with other nations in the region by providing aid - this may encourage these countries to support India if there is conflict

78
Q

technology and connectivity can increase development

does the gov. promote tech and if so why?

A
  1. the government is promoting tech = it wants everyone to have access into the internet and use it to bring social development to rural villages , eg: healthcare and education
79
Q

technology and connectivity have increased development for different groups of people

examples ?

A
  1. some people have been able to start their own businesses making them wealthier because they can now make or receive payments online and don’t need to travel long distances to find a bank
  2. increasing connectivity through better tech means people can access services even in very remote locations
  3. cities such as Hyderabad and Bangalore have developed into international centres for development and research with CO.s such as Google locating there
  4. many Indians have become very successful software developers and have high ranking roles in these COs.
80
Q

is mobile phone ownership common in India

A

it has increased massively

roughly 85% of Indians now own a mobile phone

81
Q

Positive ECONOMIC IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. more companies have a greater income from tax for the Indian Government = this means that more money can be spent on improving the quality of peoples lives
  2. there are more jobs available and between 2011-2014 India’s daily wages increased by about 18%
  3. TNC’s are a large source of employment as they employ thousands of people
82
Q

Positive SOCIAL IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. people have more money to improve their lives eg: access to clean water and medical care when needed
  2. some TNC’s run programmes to help with development in India
  3. for example, companies might help local people in rural villages to become entrepreneurs by proving products for them to sell
83
Q

Positive ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. increased income from economic development means people can afford to protect the environment

for example since 1990 India’s forest cover has stopped decreasing and started to grow

84
Q

Negative ECONOMIC IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. there is a ‘brain drain’ on rural areas, as educated people move to cities to find work
  2. some profit from TNC’s leave India, eg: many TNCs are based in Europe
  3. TNC’s may move around India to take advantage of local government incentives
  4. some co’s have been accused of closing factories in certain areas once local tax breaks ended
85
Q

Negative SOCIAL IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. housing and infrastructure can’t be built fast enough to keep up with demand - almost a quarter of the urban population live in slums
  2. Some jobs in the industry can be dangerous or include poor working conditions which can reduce the workers quality of life
  3. some TNC’s have been accused of exploiting workers - people may be forced to work in poor conditions for long hours and little pay
86
Q

Negative ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS of rapid development

A
  1. Rapid Urban Growth leads to land and water pollution - lack of infrastructure means that about 70% of India’s sewage flows untreated into rivers
  2. TNC’s can cause environmental problems eg: river pollution
  3. India’s energy consumption has increased with economic development - burning fossil fuels releases lots of pollution and greenhouse gases , making it one of the most polluted cities in the world
87
Q

how is the Indian Government trying to improve people’s lives ?

A
  1. a large scale solar park scheme (via: loan from the world bank) which aims to increase the number of people connected to the national electrical grid and increase economic growth by providing more power - solar power Is also reducing India’s reliance on coal filed power stations which improves air quality
  2. smart cities with affordable energy efficient housing and good infrastructure are being built to relieve pressure on existing cities and enable sustainable urban and economic growth in the future
  3. People in India have also been managing the impacts of development to improve quality of life
  4. for example, people in Payvihir, Maharasahta , have reforested degraded land near the village allowing them to grow organic produce , the villagers sell their produce to the increasing number of middle class people in Mumbai. profits are used to improve health , education and sanitation facilities in the village

geography (3 decks)

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