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GCE A-Level Human Geography > Globalisation > Flashcards

Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term Globalisation mean?

A

The process by which the world’s local and regional societies, economies, and cultures have become integrated together through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade.

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2
Q

Is globalisation a simple process?

A

NO! It’s multi-stranded:
- Economic
- Social
- Political
- Cultural

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3
Q

Are we in an era of de-globalisation?

Globalisation is caused by:

A
  • Development of technology
  • Expansion of financial systems
  • Changes in security arrangements
  • Trade agreements
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4
Q

Are we in an era of de-globalisation?

Trump & de-globalisation

A
  • Trade battle: US v China = imports more expensive.
  • USA only country to exit Paris climate agreement.
  • USA exited WHO over Covid.
  • US troops out of Syria.
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5
Q

Are we in an era of de-globalisation?

Brexit & de-globalisation

A

UK leaving EU.
Advantages:
- Higher trade & investment from companies
- Free from tarriffs
- Free trade with Canada and Japan.
- Advances for agriculture
Disadvantages:
- Diminished powers of individual states.
- Lost some control over domestic affairs.
- Housing problems
- Benefited wealthy London pop. over rest of UK.

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6
Q

Are we in an era of de-globalisation?

Starbucks: Cultural Homogenisation

A

Starbucks: in under 50 years have 20,000 shops in 60 countries.
Independent stores= form of deglobalisation.
Many TNCs mesh with local cultures: Glocalisation eg McDonalds in India.

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7
Q

Are we in an era of de-globalisation?

Negatives of globalisation

A
  • Job losses in developed countries as jobs are moved to more developing countries.
  • Increased pollution from transport and increased use of tech.
  • Ability of large companies to influence policies & practices in countries.
  • Safety concerns eg Apple: 90% of a factory had to be hospitalised (Chemicals)
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8
Q

Dimensions of globalisation:

Flows,Flows, Patterns

A
  • Flows of information, technology, & capital: Internet Protocol Network.
  • Flows of product & labour: HS1- wide employment.
    -** Flows of services & global marketing**: KFC.
  • Patterns of production, distribution, and consumption: LICs –> HICs.
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9
Q

Factors in globalisation:

PENTAGON

A
  • New technologies, communications, & information systems: Undersea cables.
  • Global financial systems: IMF, Western Union.
  • Transport systems: British Airways.
  • Security: Trafficking, Huawei ZTE tech banned in America.
  • Trade agreements: NAFTA, EU. WTO oversees 97% of global trade.
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10
Q

What is the AT Kearney global cities report?

A

AT Kearney measures to what extent a city can gain, keep, and create global flows of capital, people, and ideas.
Measured in the Global Cities Index
Over 156 cities measured in 2022. Top 3 were NYC, London, Paris.

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11
Q

What is the KOF globalisation index?

A
  • Measures the economic, social, and political dimensions of a country.
    Measures 43 things
  • Some things measured include Amount of embassies, number of McDonalds restauraunts, & amount of international debt.
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12
Q

What are the OECD Economic Globalisation Indicators?

A

Measure economic globalisation:
- Globalisation of trade & investment
- Globalisation of technology and knowledge.
- Global value chains as a new form of globalisation.

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13
Q

What is the HDI measured from?

A

GDP- Economic
Life Expectancy- Healthcare
Education (years of schooling / head)

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14
Q

Main factors driving inequality in Uganda:

At least 6 of 10

A
  • Gender inequality
  • Infections: HIV/AIDS- 300 dead/ day
  • Unemployment
  • Some rural children miss school.
  • Cultural attitudes
  • Recessive tax system (taxes poor (as a %) more than the rich)
  • Lack of financial services and infastructure.
  • Corruption- $500 million annualy
  • Conflict & violence
  • Land bought by large investors distorts land distribution & emphasises inequalities
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15
Q

5 Uganda facts about inequality

A
  1. Only 30% of rural areas have electricity (70% in the urban areas)
  2. 74% of females can read & write over 15- compared to 84% of males
  3. Amount of paved roadways in urban areas is four times the amount of paved roadways in rural areas.
  4. Mean age at birth: 19
  5. Urban areas: double the access to sanitation than rural areas.
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16
Q

Oxfam Uganda report: Quote & figure

A

Oxfam Uganda Inequality Report, 2016
“Corruption is perhaps the biggest problem facing the country”.
$250 million in 2014- that’s the equivalent of 100 schools.

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17
Q

Finland: Why is it performing so well on the social measures & indecies?

A

‘Finntopia’- Book Professor Danny Dorling
1st in World Happiness Index.
Highest educational scores in Europe
WHY?
- Very equal distribution of income
- Large economic growth
- Job flexibility with working hours available for all.
- Little variation within schools.
- Street crime very low.

Finland ALSO has recessive taxing -like Uganda.

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18
Q

How has the internet shaped globalisation?

A
  • Allowed connections between communities
  • Increase of knowledge due to search engines like Baidu and Google.
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19
Q

How has the internet shaped globalisation?

Alibaba.com!

A

Successful Chinese e-commerce company.
Helped boost China’s manufacturing sector by connecting exporters to businesses in 190 countries.

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20
Q

How has the internet shaped globalisation?

Arab Spring uprisings & Tainanmen square:

A

Tinanmen square:
A protest from 1989. The Chinese government have blocked teaching this in China amongst fears that it could stir up unrest among citizens.

Arab Spring:
The internet facilitated the connecting of people and the organising of protests in Egypt and Tunisia, especially in the earlier stages of the uprisings.

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21
Q

NATO

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
- Defensive & deterrance alliance.
- 31 Member states from Europe & North America.
- Purely defensive.
- Nuclear & conventional defence capabilities.
- Financed by members.
- Summits aren’t often- only 31 since 1949.
- Tensions recently due to Ukraine wanting to join NATO- Russia feel vulnerable due to geographical proximity to possible threats. NATO have denied Ukraine’s application for the time being due to its current geopolitical situation.

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22
Q

LEGO- A TNC case study:
Overview

A

OVERVIEW:
- Main hubs in London, USA, Shanghai, Singapore, and Denmark.
- 5 main factories: Hungary, Mexico, China, Czech republic, Denmark.

ENVIRONMENTAL
- 2024: new carbon neutral factory in Vietnam.
- No waste from LEGO facilities to reach landfill by 2025.
- In partnership with WWF to reduce environmental impact.
- LEGO Replay: Passing on second-hand bricks to reduce waste.

SOCIAL
- Family-based.
- Aimed at children.
- Factories almost fully robotic. Main jobs in either corporate sector or design.

ECONOMICAL
- Sets from £6 - £ 730
- Lowest offered wage is £27,000
- £2 billion income in 2022.

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23
Q

LEGO- A TNC case study:
Economical

A

Sets can be cheap (£6 - £700)
£2 billion income 2022

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24
Q

Leakage

A

High amounts of a country’s revenue going overseas to TNCs.

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25
Q

LEGO- A TNC case study: Environmental

A
  • 130.64 thousand tons of carbon from factories in 2022.
  • LEGO parts break down into microplastics- very bad for environment.
    However, LEGO is trying to change this:
  • In partnership with WWF to reduce environmental impact.
  • ‘LEGO Replay’: Scheme by which LEGO is passed on second-hand to reduce wastage.
  • 1st new carbon-neutral factory in Vietnam (2024(
26
Q

LEGO- A TNC case study:
Social

A
  • Family-based company
  • “To inspire the builders of tomorrow”
  • Factories almost fully robotic. Main jobs in corporate sector & design.
27
Q

Fairtrade: Is trade fair and can trade lift people out of poverty?

Eswartini overview:

A

Southern Africa & Landlocked
50% of the population live on under $2 per day
Government spending money on infastructure such as dams and roads.

28
Q

Fairtrade: Is trade fair and can trade lift people out of poverty?

Eswartini: Sugar

A

HAD many exports for sugar to UK & EU.
2006- EU market reform. Profit decreased.
Eswartini cannot set their sugar prices.
- Available land and water available for farming is small.
- Only 15% of sugar farmers are Fairtrade members.

29
Q

Fairtrade: Is trade fair and can trade lift people out of poverty?

Eswartini: secure future?

A

Many farmers are attempting diversification eg beetroot which requires little amounts of water.
- Diversification takes time- risk involved & education needed.
- Climate change can provide opportunities for growing crop that has been affected elsewhere.

30
Q

Conclusion: Can trade lift people out of poverty?

A

YES.
Can pay for education & better quality of life.
BUT
Many factors at work- social & environmental aspects.
Lives of workers in LICs are dictated by the consumers in HICs –> Links to YOU.

31
Q

What is the Fairtrade intervention price?

A

A set price for a good (eg sugar) that fairtrade pays. If the price of that good were to dip below that line, fairtrade would intervene and pay the amount thaie intervention price dictates.

32
Q

Fairtrade

Limata mine in Peru:

A
  • Part of an indidgenous community, traditional work.
  • Enabled miners to optimise use of water & minimise the environmental impact of mining activities (especially through reducing the use of mercury- a chemical commonly used to extract gold from its ore)
    Fairtrade premiums used for
  • Training for miners
  • Construction of worker accomodation.
  • Christmas presents for children.
33
Q

Cud Lie Mnong Fairtrade cooperative:

VIETNAM

A
  • 80% of country’s total coffee growing area
  • Dakman company helped it receive Fairtrade Certification in 2009 and currently has 84 members.
    Fairtrade premiums used for:
  • Community development
  • Improvements to infastructure
  • Support to members to aid productivity & quality.
34
Q

Is free trade fair to all in the coffee trade?

A

NO.
No tarriffs on larger companies means they can dominate the market, pushing smaller growers out.
Largest amount of profit goes towards TNCs (Leakage).
Minimal profit for actual workers.

35
Q

Global Governance

Bosnia

A
  • 1992: Start of Serbian conflict with Bosnia.
  • Bosnian Serbs wanted to secure ‘ethnic Serbian territory’
  • Religion-based conflict: mass ethnic cleansing occurred eg Sebrenica massacre- deaths of 8000 Bosnian Muslims
36
Q

Global Governance: Bosnia

Sebrenica Massacre

A

A UN safe zone protected by 600 Dutch personell with 20,000 refugees.
UN forces surrendered & retreated from Serbian threat.
8,000 Bosnian Muslims died.

37
Q

Global Governance: Bosnia

What does the International Court of Justice have to do with Bosnia?

A

Many Serbians have been tried for their actions in the ICJ.
Eg commanders of concentration camps eg Omarska.

38
Q

Global Governance: Bosnia

Was Bosnia a success or failure for the UN?

A

Massive failure for UN.

39
Q

Global Governance

WHO stands for:

A

World Health Organisation

40
Q

Global Governance

WHO aim:

A

To coordinate the world’s response to health emergencies, promote well-being, prevent disease, and expand access to health care.

41
Q

Global Governance

WHO structure:

A

HQ in Geneva.
150 Country offices.

42
Q

Global Governance

WHO examples of actions:

A
  • Adressing unsafe abortion through healthcare systems.
  • Boosting climate-resilient water, sanitation, and hygene services.
  • Tracking Covid variants.
43
Q

Global Governance

WHO: Where do they work?

A

All over the globe. 6 Regional offices stretching from Eastern Med, Africa, Americas, & SE Asia.
150 country offices in areas such as Kenya, Brazil, and Nepal.

44
Q

WHO successes:

A

Eradication of smallpox in 1977
Limiting the outbreak of yellow fever in 2016.

45
Q

WHO failures

A

None huge.
Some argue that the Covid pandemic was announced too late, BUT the WHO doesn’t have the funding nor staff to stop a pandemic.

46
Q

What should the WHO do in the future?

A

Anne Sénéquier, co-director of WHO’s digital library (IRIS) believes that WHO should reform its policies to ensure that necessary care reaches people fast without having to go through diplomatic channels where countries can hide information.

47
Q

Define the term ‘Global commons’

A

Shared areas on the globe and in outer space that fall outside of national jurisdiction and to which all nations have access.

48
Q

How can we manage the global commons?

A
  • Global coordination (UN)
  • Number of treaties (SDGs)
  • Many parts of the global commons are still without regional agreement and many of the older agreements do not fully consider the environmental impacts of human activities
  • New avtivities such as Bioprospecting in the high seas
49
Q

Global Commons: Space

A

Area extending infinitely above the globe that has been the cause for much heated debate.
-Article 1 of the Outer Space Treaty, which has been ratified by 112 countries: “exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries. Trump did not sign the order. Links to de globalisation.”
- Location of many global problems. Possible disputes in the future can harm many people.
- Outer Space Treaty, Moon Agreement, Artemis Accords.
- We need to ensure that space is not expolited for materials like Earth & that there is a safe future for humanity.

50
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Science & Exploration

A

Discovery 1820
Controversies surriunding ethics of scientific exploration (waste, diesel viehicles etc.)
~50 research stations
British Antarctic Survey (BAS). 300 scientists. UK base is in Cambridge & they are funded by the taxpayer. Antarctic station is Halley VI.

51
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Tourism

A
  • Only a few 1000 p/year visit.
  • Environmental issues: pollution from tourists is an issue for wildlife & ecosystems.
  • 2017-18 –> 52,000 visitors.
  • BIG ships. Most activities occurr on the ships, NOT the land. + Safety risks (ships can sink, eg MS Explorer).
  • Tourist companies have to be a part of the International association of Antarctic Tour Operators
  • November 2023 –> 1st Boeing 787 airliner landed there.
52
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Challenges

A
  • Mineral, oil, & gas extraction. These could be found under the ice. NO DRILLING YET but could be in future as more rocks exposed to surface due to melting ice.
  • Anthropogenic climate change.Intense change occurring.
  • Possible conflict in future.
  • Treaty doesn’t cover mineral extraction.
53
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Governance

A

Not a country. No govt.
Run under a treaty organisation: Antarctic treaty organisation –> very successful so far:
- Demilitarised zone.
- World’s first nuclear free zone.
- Scientific collaboration: freely exchanged information.
- Territorial claims suspended for duration of treaty. (Claims made by many inc. Australia, Chile, Argentina).
- Any UN member may join. Must have year-round research at a base in Antarctica.

54
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Ecosystems

A
  • Due to the Antractic convergence (the meeting of cold & warm ocean currents) there is a LOT of marine wildlife near Antarctica.
  • Russian & Japanese fleets exploit & kill Krill & Rock cod, which is becoming more & more rare.
  • The INTERNATIONAL WHALING COMMISSION has banned the hunting of whales- but Japan mass-hunts thousands in any case. Japan bribes poorer nations to veto certain votes in the IWC.
  • Sea Shepherd- NGO that aims to protect marine wildlife.
55
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Oceans, Atmosphere, and Landscape

A
  • Where they discovere the ozone hole. Successful research that highlights global change.
  • Increasing scientific environmental impact: eg Lake Vostok- drilling down could ‘pollute’ freshwater lakes with dirt and microbes from surface. Russian team did drill down in 2012.
56
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Antarctica: Physical geography

A
  • Isolated
  • Southern hemisphere
  • Temperatures as low as -80^c.
  • Windspeeds up to 218 mph.
  • Split into East & West ice sheets split down the Trans-Antarctic mountains.
  • Ice up to 4 km thick- but decreasing.
57
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Reasons why Antarctica should be developed

A
  • Oil for decades
  • Cheap fish- resource rich.
  • Lack of information- ppl don’t know too much about Antarctica.
  • Tourism could be increased- increasing middle classes, more ppl able to afford.
58
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Reasons why Antarctica should not be developed

A
  • Risk of treaty being abandoned
  • Should have guaranteed protection
  • Essential for measuring climate change.
  • Improvements in tech will allow us to research more.
  • The Antarctic ice sheet contains enough ice to raise global mean sea level by 58 meters if it all melted.
59
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Measures to be implemented for the development of Antarctica

A
  • Mining & drilling infsatructure
  • Stakeholders in TNCs should decide what should be extracted while not damaging geological features.
  • This is self-managing: The consumer chooses which company to buy from. Ethically-centred companies may be more successsful.
60
Q

Global commons: Antarctica

Measures to be implented for the protection of Antarctica

A
  • Be safe NOW rather than sorry later: precautional principle
  • Renewable energy sources shouldbe used for research & tourist facilities.
  • Better management & tighter control should be implemented to ensure protection for the future.
  • Using tech to monitor activities such as illegal fishing.
61
Q
A

GCE A-Level Human Geography (2 decks)

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