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Geography-Globalisation > Globalisation-EQ2 > Flashcards

Globalisation-EQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Global Economic Shift described as?

A

The relocation of industries from OECD countries to NICs, predominantly from North America to Latin America and South and South East Asia.

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2
Q

From the mid 20th century, what has there been a significant global economic shift?

A

In the centre of gravity from the ‘west’ to Asia. (Economic Core)

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3
Q

Global Economic Shift-1950s/60s

A

Growth of Asian Tigers (textiles/toys)

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4
Q

Global Economic Shift-1970s/80s

A

Rise of Japan (electronics etc)

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5
Q

Global Economic Shift-1980s onwards

A

Rise of China (manufacturing) and India (outsourcing of services)

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6
Q

What reinforced this shift?

A

The 2008 global financial crisis

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7
Q

Why did this reinforce the shift?

A

As trade balances between the emerging economies increased while the developed countries experienced relative decline.

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8
Q

When has the steady rise of economic power in the USA been evident from?

A

The end of the 19th century and since 2nd WW it has been the dominant global economy.

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9
Q

Global Economic Shift to Asia-Late 20th Century

A

Saw China and India increase their share of global GDP.

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10
Q

What is the IMF predicting about China following current trends?

A

China will regain the largest share of global GDP.

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11
Q

How can these current trends be explained?

A

By shifts of manufacturing from east, southeast and south Asia and outsourcing of services from developed to emerging economies.

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12
Q

What does a greater share of economic activity bring with it?

A

An increasing share of global influence

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13
Q

What is ‘Global Shift’?

A

The changing location of production.

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14
Q

China is an emerging economy with a huge supply of cheap labour. What has the arrival of it as a global economic power been due to?

A

To the shifting pattern of global trade and production, in particular its ability to lower the prices of labour intensive manufacturing and increasing the prices of goods.

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15
Q

Does the global shift is services show the same or different pattern to those of goods?

A

Different

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16
Q

What is the first social impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Unplanned settlements with poor governance-informal housing as a result of rapid urbanisation. Development of slums.

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17
Q

What is the second social impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Increased transport and infrastructure investment resulting in FDI by TNCs and increased economic wealth.

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18
Q

What is the third social impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Reduction in absolute poverty in many LEDCs, especially Asia due to increased employment and economic development.

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19
Q

What is the fourth social impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Urbanisation in Asia and LEDCs-rural urban migration looking for higher paid/more productive work in cities (manufacturing/TNCs).

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20
Q

What is the first economic impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Economic growth and the multiplier effect leading to cumulative causation.

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21
Q

What is the second economic impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Increased employment and incomes leading to a reduction in absolute poverty in many LEDCs.

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22
Q

What is the third economic impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Deindustrialisation, unemployment and a spiral of decline in regions in MEDCs

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23
Q

What is the fourth economic impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Can cause urban-rural inequality.

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24
Q

What is the first environmental impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Loss and mass destruction of habitats in LEDCs and Asia due to urbanisation and industrialisation-loss of biodiversity.

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25
Q

What is the second environmental impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Urbanisation and Industrialisation have led to pollution, waste, reduced air quality, traffic congestion and water contamination.

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26
Q

What is the third environmental impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Overpopulation of resources and resource pressure in LEDCs and Asia at an unstable rate.

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27
Q

What is the fourth environmental impact from the Global Economic Shift?

A

Loss of productive farmland.

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28
Q

What has globalisation encouraged for western countries?

A

To move towards Asia for cheap manufacturing and outsourcing.

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29
Q

Who does this benefit?

A

Asian countries, who have seen improvements in infrastructure, wages, reduction in poverty, education and training.

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30
Q

Why has it also made costs for the Asian countries who it has benefited?

A

This has also made some costs such as the loss of productive land as urban settlements grow, growth of shanty towns and environmental and resource pressure.

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31
Q

What is a globalisation winner?

A

Usually has an abundance of resources e.g. physical oil resources or a cheap and skilled labour market.

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32
Q

What is a globalisation loser?

A

Often countries which are landlocked so has poor access to coastlines, where trading occurs.

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33
Q

What has rapid industrialisation and urbanisation from the global economic shift caused?

A

Pollution, overexploitation of resources and the dumping of waste.
-Impacts human wellbeing and health

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34
Q

How many people are estimated by the UN to be living in urban slums?

A

1 billion

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35
Q

What do megacities generate?

A

A ‘poison cocktail’ of pollutants arising from traffic conjunction and increased energy consumption.

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36
Q

For developed nations, what does globalisation cause?

A

Deindustrialisation

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37
Q

What does deindustrialisation cause?

A

Dereliction, contamination, depopulation, crime and high unemployment rates.

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38
Q

What is deindustrialisation?

A

The mass closure of industries in regions traditionally associated with secondary industrial production.

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39
Q

What do developed nations gain from the global shift?

A

The reduced cost of manufacturing, redeployment of capital and labour to new industries etc.

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40
Q

What are some of the social and environmental problems associated with deindustrialisation?

A

-Industrial estates may be left derelict unless they can be repurposed.
-Workers with skills and expectations associated with secondary industries may struggle to find employment in tertiary and high technology industries.

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41
Q

From these problems, what do deindustrialised regions face?

A

-Above average unemployment
-Depopulation
-Dereliction

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42
Q

What is the rapid growth of megacities driven by?

A

Rural urban migration.

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43
Q

What does rapid population growth in rural area end up in?

A

Unemployment and scarcity of goods

44
Q

What are the factors that can accelerate this process?

A

-Loss or degradation of farmland and pastureland due to developments
-Pollution
-Land Grabs or Conflict

45
Q

What does higher productivity especially in cities lead to?

A

Higher wages and an improvement of quality of life in urban areas.

46
Q

Why do cities have better education and health services which increase productivity and income?

A

Public services are easier to fund in densely populated areas.

47
Q

How will the rate of migration be affected?

A

The bigger the difference in life chances between rural and urban areas, greater rate of migration

48
Q

When do people benefit from moving to a megacity?

A

Only if their productivity gains exceed the increased cost of living.

49
Q

What are some of the challenges faced by rapidly growing megacities?

A

-Overcrowding
-Poor housing
-Traffic congestion
-Air pollution

50
Q

When do nation, regions and cities experience flows of elite migrants?

A

When they are strongly connected to similar places globally through the production and consumption of goods and services.

51
Q

Who are elite migrants?

A

Migrants which are able to move between countries due to their wealth, fame or valuable skills.

52
Q

Who could elite migrants be?

A

-Affluent individuals whose investment is sought by countries through tax breaks and other investment
-Highly skilled or influential people within industries or TNCs

53
Q

Why do elite migrants face few barriers?

A

As their immigration is considered beneficial to economic growth and competitiveness by governments.

54
Q

What may the countries which lose the elites experience?

A

A development disadvantage through loss of investment or skills.

55
Q

What do some countries rely on as they globalise their economies?

A

Rely on low-wage foreign labour. The migrants move to these countries to provide this labour.

56
Q

What do the emerging economies that source the migrants receive?

A

Remittances that the migrants send back home.

57
Q

What are source countries?

A

Where the migrants are leaving from

58
Q

What are host countries?

A

Where the migrants are moving to.

59
Q

In host countries, what do skilled migrants do?

A

Raise the GDP per capita as they have higher pay and employment rates than locals.

60
Q

Who benefits from this?

A

The resident population benefits from the dynamic effects of skilled immigration on productivity and innovation.

61
Q

In source countries, what can emigration do?

A

Can relieve pressure on labour markets, and remittances can make a significant contribution to GDP.

62
Q

What are the environmental impacts in the host and source countries?

A

H-congestion and pressure on marginal land
S-depopulation leading to dereliction and decline.

63
Q

What are some benefits for the source country?

A

-Gains remittance payments which are sent from overseas
-Gains increased employment due to the remittance payments used to build homes.
-Less pressure on environment due to lower population

64
Q

What are some costs for the source country?

A

-Experiences reduced unemployment
-Loses its most skilled and dynamic workers in key areas such as healthcare.
-Suffers from an imbalanced population as many young people migrate, leaving a dependent population

65
Q

What are some benefits for the host country?

A

-Receives skilled foreign workers
-Fills skills shortages in key areas
-Can sustain the lifestyle of its middle classes
-Balance an ageing population with young adults-increasing birth rate
-Multiplier effect

66
Q

What are some costs for the host country?

A

-Can experience pressure on housing, healthcare and school places
-Prejudices can develop/grow-extreme views

67
Q

What is Culture?

A

It is collective meaning it is shared by groups of people and will have a common influence on the way they live their lives and interpret the world around them.

68
Q

Why is culture dynamic?

A

It evolves over time as it is passed from generation to generation.

69
Q

What is the dynamic process of culture influenced by?

A

Contact with other cultures which is on the rise with globalisation.

70
Q

What does globalisation present in terms of culture?

A

Increased opportunities for cultural exchange.

71
Q

What is cultural diffusion?

A

An increasingly interdependent global economy, cultures will influence others and in turn be influenced themselves.

72
Q

Where can cultural diffusion already be seen?

A

In the Western countries who are more able to project their culture through globalisation processes.

73
Q

Which cultures are more likely to change culturally?

A

Cultures that perceive globalisation as an opportunity are often more open to external influences.

74
Q

Which cultures are more likely to adopt policies that seek to defend their cultural integrity?

A

Cultures that perceive globalisation as a threat.

75
Q

Which are the 3 views of the potential impact of cultural globalisation?

A

-Hyper globalisers
-Transformationalists
-Sceptics

76
Q

What is the view of Hyper-globalisers?

A

Cultures become integrated as and when economies do, resulting in a homogenous culture.

77
Q

What is the evidence for this view from the Hyper-globalisers?

A

TNCs push away western values and taste as does global media leading to uniformity of culture and decline in local identity.

78
Q

What is the view of Transformationalists?

A

A homogenous culture is not inevitable-all culture will change but new hybrid cultures will evolve.

79
Q

What is the evidence for this view from the Transformationalists?

A

Rap has spread from the USA but has culturally distinct values.

80
Q

What is the view of Sceptics?

A

Globalisation is mainly about economics-some cultures may be marginalised but there is cultural heterogeneity.

81
Q

What is the evidence for this view from the Sceptics?

A

Rise of China, India etc, will limit dominance of western culture and ensure variety survives.

82
Q

What has emerging culture done for disadvantaged groups?

A

Created opportunities.

83
Q

What has globalisation enabled in regards to people and culture?

A

Mass migrations of people from different cultures.

84
Q

What did the British Nationality Act 1948 grant?

A

Granted the subjects of the British Empire the right to live and work in the UK.

85
Q

What created push and pull factors and what did it encourage?

A

The dissolution of the British Empire and associated social and economic dislocation which encouraged migration from former colonies to the UK.

86
Q

What happened in terms of migration since 1960s and 1970s?

A

Migration rules were tightened

87
Q

What did the tightening of the migration rules result in?

A

The establishment of many cultures within the UK

88
Q

What did The Race Relations Act 1968 create?

A

Rights for all races with respect to employment housing, commercial and other services. Was extended with the Race Relations Act 1976.

89
Q

What is the diversity agenda?

A

Attitudes have developed over time: governments have responsibility for legislating to prevent discrimination against all disadvantaged groups.

90
Q

What is Cultural Erosion?

A

The ease and frequency with which people move around the world, improvements in communications and the global marketing of styles, places and images can lead to a cultural supermarket effect.

91
Q

What are people no longer confined to in term of culture?

A

Developing an identity upon the place they live but can choose from a wide range of identities. Adoption of clothes, speaking ways, values and lifestyles.

92
Q

What can this lead to?

A

Cultural erosion including the loss of language, tradition and social relations.

93
Q

How is the landscape impacted by cultural erosion?

A

Landscapes are shaped by our cultures; may be historic, modern or mixed. Most cultural landscapes are mixed and complex, with traces of past cultures

94
Q

How do different economies treat their cultural landscape?

A

Developed: protect their cultural landscape
Emerging-limited capacity to directly protect
Least-remain highly vulnerable to cultural erosion

95
Q

What has the concern over cultural impacts and economic and environmental exploitation led to?

A

Opposition to globalisation from some groups.

96
Q

When are concerns similar to those?

A

During the independence movements and struggles during the process of decolonisation.

97
Q

What are these groups known as and why?

A

Structuralists s they explain the inequalities arising from globalisation with the structures e.g. ‘me vs women’

98
Q

What are structuralists often opposed to? And what do they argue?

A

Often oppose globalisation and argue that inequality in the global economy will only be resolved by structural change.

99
Q

What do other groups regard inequality in a globalised world as?

A

The product of winners and losers in global competition and promote free trade and free markets as a means of eradicating inequality.

100
Q

What are the 2 organisation with the contrasting attitudes to globalisation?

A

-World Social Forum
-World Economic Forum

101
Q

What is the World Social Forum?

A

Is an open meeting place where social movements, networks and NGO’s come together (such as OXFAM).

102
Q

What is a World Economic Forum?

A

An annual forum with global leaders based in Davos.

103
Q

What does the World Social Forum believe?

A

That globalisation is bad as it destroys culture and benefits some more than others.

104
Q

What does the World Economic Forum believe?

A

Sees globalisation as as way of driving economic growth and that globalisation is good for the world.

105
Q

How can globalisation have a negative consequence on ecosystems?

A

Increased consumption associated with globalisation may have negative impact for biodiversity.

106
Q

What have some areas experienced which could be blamed on globalisation?

A

-Destruction of whole ecosystems.
-Degradation of ecosystems, due to pollution and resource exploitation.

Geography-Globalisation (3 decks)

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