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Geography-Globalisation > Globalisation-EQ3 > Flashcards

Globalisation-EQ3 Flashcards

1
Q

Is Quality of Life or Standard of Living easy or difficult to measure?

A

Difficult

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2
Q

What can we used to measure economic activity?

A

Standardised and therefore comparable measures

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3
Q

Give an example of a standardised measure and explain how it is measured.

A

GDP per capita measures the total value of goods and services produced in a country over one year per person.
-measured the same for all countries so a meaningful comparison.

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4
Q

What type of indicators are there?

A

Single or composite

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5
Q

What is the issue with single and composite indicators?

A

Can hide wide variation within a given population.

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6
Q

Example of variation being hidden.

A

The total economic output of a country may be rising and given a stable population, GDP per capita will rise but if the benefits of this growth is distributed unequally then the indicator will underestimate the wealth of the richest and the poverty of the poor.

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7
Q

What is the most commonly used indicator of development?

A

Human Development Index

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8
Q

What does HDI measure?

A

Average achievement in three basic dimensions of human development; standard of living, education and life expectancy.

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9
Q

What type of indicator is HDI and why?

A

Composite Indicator as it measures more than one characteristic of a country.

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10
Q

What does HDI allow?

A

A comparison so that countries may consider their different human development outcomes.

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11
Q

There is more than quality of life. What factors are also significant?

A

-Freedom of speech and political voice
-Impact of conflict or corruption
-Equality of opportunity e.g. level of gender and racial discrimination
-Individual perception
-Quality of the environment
-Social, Economic and Environmental sustainability
-Religion and Respect for tradition

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12
Q

What can the Lorenz Curve be used for?

A

To graphically represent the distribution of income.

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13
Q

What is plotted in the x and y axis?

A

The percentage of households is plotted on the x-axis, the percentage of income on the y-axis.

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14
Q

What does the curve represent?

A

Income distribution

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15
Q

What does the line of inequality show?

A

What an equal distribution of wealth would look like, and the Lorenz curve shows the actual distribution.

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16
Q

What is the Gini Coefficient?

A

Is a number between 0 and 1 which measures the degree of inequality in the distribution of income or wealth.

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17
Q

When would the coefficient be 0?

A

For a society in which every member received exactly the same amount.

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18
Q

When would the coefficient be 1?

A

For a society in which one member got everything and the rest got nothing.

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19
Q

What is the Gini Index?

A

A ratio of the areas on the Lorenz curve diagram.

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20
Q

The higher the coefficient…

A

the more unequal the distribution will be.

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21
Q

What has globalisation created?

A

Winners and losers between and within developed, emerging and least developed economies.

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22
Q

What are societies concerned about?

A

Some societies are more concerned about equality of opportunity and some are more about equality of outcome.

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23
Q

Why has global inequality started to fall?

A

As poorer countries start to catch up with the richer ones.

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24
Q

What does the Global Gini measure?

A

The scale of income disparities among world citizens

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25
Q

The world has not overall become more unequal as a result of globalisation but what do the trends show?

A

Trends in economic and environmental development since 1970 do show that some regions are more unequal than others.

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26
Q

What happened in around 1980?

A

Poorer countries started to catch up with the richer ones and richer people gained wealth faster than poorer people.

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27
Q

What did the increase in emerging markets begin with?

A

China’s Open Door Policy

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28
Q

By the 2000’s, what was happening to the emerging economies?

A

They were growing faster than rich countries, to an extent that global inequality started to fall, even as the gaps within many countries increased.

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29
Q

What are the changes that have swept the world economy since 1980?

A

Globalisation, deregulation, information technology revolution and the associated expansion of trade, capital flows and global supply chains.

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30
Q

What did all of these changes do?

A

All narrowed gaps between countries but also widened them at the same time.

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31
Q

What did the global reach of the modern economy do?

A

Increased the size of markets and rewards to the most successful hugely.

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32
Q

Give some examples of the rewards due to the increase.

A

-New technologies pushed demand up for well-educated people, boosting their incomes.
-Integration of some 1.5 billion emerging economy workers into the global market economy boosted economic returns.
-Exposed low-skilled workers in developed economies to competition from low-skilled workers in emerging economies

33
Q

What happened as a result of the relatively high wages of low-skilled workers in the developed world which put them at a severe disadvantage?

A

These groups experienced unemployment and wage uncertainties due to globalisation.

34
Q

Give an example of where this is shown?

A

By the closure of steel works in the UK, when Tata decided that it was no longer economical to run them.

35
Q

What has created culturally mixed societies?

A

-Open borders
-Deregulation
Encouragement of foreign direct investment

36
Q

What have culturally mixed societies ended up in?

A

Many migrant diasporas.

37
Q

What is a diaspora?

A

A group of people who don’t live in their original country but still maintain their heritage in their new land.

38
Q

Based on the 2011 census, how many UK residents were born outside of the UK?

A

13% with most common countries being Poland, India and Pakistan

39
Q

From one perspective, what has globalisation done to the traditional power of the state?

A

Eroded it and players such as unions to protect citizens from rapid social change.

40
Q

What decisions are made by TNCs and International Financial Institutions?

A

The decisions on the best location for investment and employment.

41
Q

At national level, what is happening social security systems?

A

They are being reshaped and the ability of governments to control migrant flows is being reduced leading to insecurity at work, greater inequality within communities and a loss of confidence in elected governments.

42
Q

What is happening as a result of this?

A

Tensions are increasing.

43
Q

What processes are having a significant impact on the natural environment?

A

The transnational processes which have reshaped the world of work.

44
Q

What issues are created by the weakness of government and non-government organisation to manage the changes?

A

Transboundary environmental resources

45
Q

Where may a water conflict arise from?

A

In a location which is experiencing an increase in demand, diminishing supply of conflicting user needs

46
Q

What rules were established and who by to encourage management of what?

A

The Helsinki Rules by the UN to encourage management of transboundary resources on an equitable basis.

47
Q

What have some countries done in attempt to control the spread of globalisation?

A

-Taken radical steps to control through censorship; China
-Others have sought to plate limits on migration; Japan

48
Q

What does restrictive immigration laws do for the country?

A

Bar the country’s farms and factories from employing foreign labour, and stringent qualification requirements shut out skilled foreign professionals.

49
Q

What is done monthly to assess the attitudes towards migration in the UK.

A

A poll is conducted asking to name the most important issue facing the UK. After completing they are then asked to name other important issues but they are not prompted.

50
Q
A
51
Q

What is consistently ranked in the top 5?

A

Immigration

52
Q

What is Protectionism?

A

The economic policy of limiting trade between countries through tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas and regulations that disadvantage foreign companies compared to domestic ones.

53
Q

What do protectionists believe?

A

That there is a need for restrictions on trade in order to protect the economy, standard of living of domestic workers and the dominant culture.

54
Q

What do some minority groups want to do with regards to their identity?

A

Want to retain their cultural identity in the face of a globalising world, while embracing its economic advantages.
e.g. Canada’s first nation

55
Q

What has globalisation resulted in to do with consuming?

A

Resulted in masses of cheaply produced food and goods crossing between continents.

56
Q

What have low production costs driven?

A

Global levels of consumption higher as prices have fallen relative to earnings.

57
Q

Example of how higher incomes have changed consumer patterns.

A

-Global meat production has more than quadrupled in the last century bringing environmental and health costs due to large scale use of water, feed grains, antibiotics and grazing land required,
-Since 1960 global plastic production has continued to rise. Recycling rates yet remain low with most plastics ending up in landfill and oceans
-World’s fleet of cars is now over 1 billion, each vehicle contributing greenhouse gases and reducing the air quality.

58
Q

What has happened to goods that were sourced locally?

A

Are now all imported due to globalisation.

59
Q

Where are the negative effects of out consumption experienced?

A

In places distant from where consumers live.

60
Q

What do some local groups and NGOs promote?

A

Local sourcing as a response to globalisation with the aim of increasing sustainability.

61
Q

What does localism describe?

A

A range of political philosophy that prioritise local over regional and global. Generally supports local production and consumption of goods, local control of government and promotion of local history, culture and identity.

62
Q

What is the Bristol Pound?

A

Is a local community currency that was made to improve Bristol’s local economy.

63
Q

What is the primary aim of the Bristol Pound?

A

To support independent traders, in order to maintain diversity in business around the city.

64
Q

What type of scheme is is?

A

A joint not-for-profit enterprise

65
Q

What is an economic cost of the Bristol Pound?

A

Consumers can miss out on the price benefits of competition in national and regional markets.

66
Q

What is a social cost of the Bristol Pound?

A

Is very inclusive locally but excludes outsiders. The mirror image of the social capital being built locally is the disincentive created to build wider connections.

67
Q

What is an environmental cost of the Bristol Pound?

A

Global Trade allows for commodities to be produced in the most resource-efficient location.

68
Q

What is an economic benefit of the Bristol Pound?

A

Money keeps on circulating locally to benefit local independent businesses called the local multiplier effect.

69
Q

What is a social benefit of the Bristol Pound?

A

Using local currency created stronger bonds between local consumers and businesses. Increases social capital.

70
Q

What is an environmental benefit of the Bristol Pound?

A

Local trade reduces dependence on international trade and enhances self-sufficiency. Should decrease emissions through reduced transportation costs.

71
Q

How is Ethical Consumption practised?

A

Through ‘positive buying’ meaning deliberately choosing a purchase because of the products ethical nature or could mean a ‘moral boycott’ so not buying a product due to concerns of its ethical nature.

72
Q

What is the aim of ethical consumption?

A

To reduce the inequalities to global trade and improve the working conditions for disadvantaged groups.

73
Q

How was this approach popularised?

A

By a UK magazine which produces ‘rating tables’ for different products and services based on ethical criteria. This empowers consumers to make ethically informed consumption choices and provides campaigners with reliable information on corporate behaviour.

74
Q

What have the criteria-based ethical and environmental ratings have subsequently become commonplace for?

A

Business-to-business corporate social responsibility and sustainability ratings.

75
Q

What have businesses become more aware of?

A

The importance of ethical considerations and increasingly present themselves to their consumers as morally and environmentally aware. e.g. M&S and their Plan A

76
Q

What does recycling have a role in?

A

Managing resource consumption and ecological footprints.

77
Q

What did the EU countries aim to recycle by 2020?

A

At least half of their municipal waste.

78
Q

How did they do this?

A

By diverting waste from landfill and raw materials reused for new consumption which offers lower environmental costs as well as employment.

79
Q

From a Lifecyle perspective, what did the EU recycling do positively? But what was the issue with it?

A

-Between 2001 and 2010 cut greenhouse gas emission from municipal waste by 56%.
-But this EU-wide figure hides great variation within the EU.

Geography-Globalisation (3 decks)

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