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IB Psychology > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural norm

A

A set of rules based on socially or culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group

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2
Q

Surface culture

A

Easily seen differences between cultures e.g. food, music, clothing

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3
Q

Acculturation

A

The process by which someone comes into contact with another culture and begins to adopt the norms and behaviors of that culture

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4
Q

Enculturation

A

The process of adopting or internalizing the schemas of your culture

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5
Q

Etic approach (deductive)

A

A term used in anthropology to describe research which is planned before arriving at the field. Like structured field work.

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6
Q

Emic approach (inductive)

A

A term used in anthropology to describe research develops questions whilst spending time within the different culture. Like unstructured field work.

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7
Q

Dynamic

A

A characteristic of culture. Changes over time by acculturation, in response to the environment and society

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8
Q

Social identity theory

A

A theory that the minimal condition for in-group bias is the categorization of groups, identification, comparison, and self-esteem

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9
Q

Cultural dimension(s)

A

How the values of a society affect behavior. Each describes the trends of behavior in a given culture which reflect the values of that culture

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10
Q

Tajfel

A

Tested the minimal group paradigm using UK schoolboys who allocated points using matrices

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11
Q

Self-Identity

A

A person’s image of themselves, which includes social identity

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12
Q

Confirmation bias

A

When people tend to seek out or remember information that supports their currently held beliefs or expectations - and ignore information that contradicts these beliefs (serving our own self-esteem)

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13
Q

Illusory correlation

A

People perceive a relationship between two variables even when there is none

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14
Q

In-group bias

A

Favoring your own group

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15
Q

Integration

A

When there is an interest in adopting the behaviors and values of a new culture, while still maintaining one’s original culture

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16
Q

Marginalization

A

When it is not really possible to maintain one’s original culture, but because of exclusion or discrimination, it is not possible to assimilate into a new culture

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17
Q

Normative social influence

A

When a person conforms to be liked or accepted by members of a group

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18
Q

Stereotype

A

Social perception of an individual in terms of group membership or physical attributes

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19
Q

Stereotype threat

A

When worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group

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20
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Our tendency to repeat or imitate behaviors for which others are being rewarded

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21
Q

Social identity

A

A person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership(s)

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22
Q

Hamilton and Gifford

A

Investigated the illusory correlation explanation of why minority groups become falsely stereotyped

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23
Q

Steele and Aronson

A

Investigated threat as being a consequence of being stereotyped

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24
Q

Sherif et al.

A

Conducted research about two groups of boys competing in a summer camp. Shows competition for resources can lead to conflict and can support SIT

25
Q

Bandura, Ross, and Ross

A

Conducted the Bobo doll experiment which supports SCT

26
Q

Charlton et. al

A

Conducted a natural study which investigated the effects of TV on social learning and found results which contrast with Bandura’s

27
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

The influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. Started with Social Learning theory and there are 4 stages.

28
Q

Self-efficacy

A

One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in accomplishing a task

29
Q

Role model

A

Respected/liked people who are more likely to be learned from

30
Q

Yuki

A

Found that SIT was less relevant in collectivist cultures due to the complexity of in-group (intragroup) interaction in this type of culture

31
Q

Berry

A

Used a variation of Asch’s line study to test the effect of culture on conformity

32
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A vivid, enduring memory associated with a personally significant and emotional event

33
Q

Kulkofsky

A

Conducted research to shows differences in FBM in individualistic and collectivistic cultures

34
Q

Individualistic culture

A

A society characterized by the prioritization or emphasis of the individual over the entire group. Value freedom and independence

35
Q

Collectivistic culture

A

Based on valuing the needs of a group or a community over the individual. Kinship, family, and community are extremely important. People tend to work together to create harmony and group cohesion is extremely valued

36
Q

Deep culture

A

More cognitive elements of a culture e.g. gender roles, assumptions, beliefs and values, concepts of social identity and the self

37
Q

Ethnocentric

A

Culturally biased

38
Q

Salient

A

Most noticeable or important

39
Q

Cognitive bias

A

Having biases in our thinking e.g. a comedian may not appear funny if they go on stage after a more hilarious comedian

40
Q

Cognitive misers

A

Using a mental shortcut – this is known as a heuristic. By this we mean the person expends little energy and time in making their decision.

41
Q

Heuristic

A

Any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method, not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but instead sufficient for reaching an immediate goal

42
Q

Grain of truth hypothesis

A

One experience with an individual (meeting a girl who is bad at math) causes that conclusion to be generalized to a group (all girls are bad at math). This means that stereotypes are based, loosely, on reality.

43
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

One is “predicting” or expecting something, and this “prediction” or expectation comes true simply because one believes it will, and their resulting behaviors align to fulfill those beliefs.

44
Q

Berry

A

Conducted research on levels of conformity of Temne, Inuits, and Scots to investigate the effects of an individualistic or collectivistic culture on behavior and cognition

45
Q

Odden and Rochat

A

Conducted research about how Samoan boys learn fishing from adults (enculturation)

46
Q

Fagot

A

Conducted a natural experiment on the influence of the sex of a child on parental reactions to toddler children’s behavior

47
Q

Acculturative stress

A

Distress caused when dominant and non-dominant cultures do not share the same preferences for acculturation strategy

48
Q

Assimilation

A

When individuals do not wish to maintain their own culture and seek daily interactions with people from the dominant culture

49
Q

Separation

A

When individuals maintain their own culture and do not wish to integrate

50
Q

Lueck and Wilson

A

Conducted research on acculturative stress in Asian immigrants

51
Q

Miranda and Matheny

A

Conducted research on acculturative stress in Latino adults

52
Q

Laboratory experiment

A

A highly controlled experiment with one clear IV and DV

53
Q

Field experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a real-life environment but the researcher still manipulates an IV

54
Q

Natural experiment

A

An experiment conducted in a real-life environment but the researcher does not manipulate an IV because it is naturally occurring

55
Q

Quasi experiment

A

An experiment where participants are grouped based on a certain characteristic and then randomly assigned to a condition

56
Q

Correlations

A

A research method that looks for a relationship between co-variables

57
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

Observations of naturally occurring behavior in a natural setting

58
Q

Interviews

A

A research method used to gather qualitative data from a representative sample through asking them questions (can be unstructured, semi-structured or focus group)

59
Q

Questionnaires

A

A research method that uses self-report to gather data from participants

IB Psychology (1 decks)

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