Glycolysis and Lipid Catabolism (2nd Half)

Question 1

This Enzyme converts 1,3 BPG to 2,3 BPG

Answer 1

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase

Question 2

2,3 BPG is found in individuals that:

Answer 2

Smoke or live in high altitudes

Question 3

What can cause issues where downstream of Pyruvate, it doesn’t get converted to acetyl coA? What are some possible effects?

Answer 3

Lowering of Blood pH because pyruvate is being converted to Lactate and H+. Can be caused by ethanol, cyanide, ischemia, PDH deficiency.

Question 4

If a cell doesn’t have O2, what happens to NADH/NAD and AMP/ATP ratios?

Answer 4

The NADH/NAD+ ratio increases
Product inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction. Substrates for lactate dehydrogenase (pyruvate and NADH) favors lactate production

The AMP / ATP ratio increases
AMP acts as an allosteric activator of PFK-1
AMP activates AMP-K, which activates PFK-2, making more F-2,6-bP, activating PFK-1
The rate of glycolysis is increased

Question 5

How many kcals of AA, Glucose and FA are typically in your blood?

Answer 5

fatty acids 3 kcal
glucose 80
amino acids 1

Question 6

What enzyme cleaves Fatty Acids from Glycerol? What is it regulated by?

Answer 6

Hormone Sensative Lipase. It’s inhibited by insulin and activated by glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.

Question 7

A Fatty Acid must become what before entering the mitochondria?

Answer 7

It must be converted to a Fatty acyl CoA. Different fatty acyl CoA synthestases exists for different chain lengths. Loses AMP in the process.

Question 8

What reaction does CPT I conduct?

Answer 8

Fatty acyl CoA + Carnitine –> Fatty acyl Carnitin + CoA

Inhibited by malonyl CoA

Question 9

What reaction does CPT-II conduct?

Answer 9

CoA + FA acylcarnitine –> FA acyl CoA + Carnitine

Question 10

What might you see with CPT-II deficiency in the blood?

Answer 10

Elevated Fatty Acid levels and Acyl Carnitine levels.

Question 11

What are the four components of each cycle of B-oxidation of long chain fatty acids?

Answer 11

Oxidation
Hydration
Oxidation
Carbon-Carbon bond cleavage

Question 12

What is the result of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency? (MCAD)

Answer 12

Prevents the reaction of Acyl-CoA to trans-Enoyl-CoA

Infants present with Reye syndrome, fasting hypoketotic hypoglycemia

Question 13

What enzymes does Jamaican Vomiting Sickness effect?

Answer 13

Hypoglycin (from ackee fruit) inhibits Acyl CoA Dehydrogenase

Question 14

What are ketone bodies made from?

Answer 14

Fatty acids –> Acetyl CoA –> Ketone Bodies

Question 15

What does hypoglycemia without ketone bodies suggest?

Answer 15

Some issue with oxidizing Fatty Acids.

Question 16

Enoyl-CoA hydratase can only accept substrates with trans double bonds. (T/F)

Answer 16

T

Enoyl CoA isomerase converts the cis double bonds to trans configuration.

Question 17

Elevated NADH levels do what to the TCA Cycle and acetyl CoA?

Answer 17

Drive it backwards so oxaloacetate is converted to malate. The malate then leaves the TCA cycle for gluconeogenesis.

The reduction in oxaloacetate diverts the acetyl CoA into ketone body synthesis, rather than the TCA cycle.