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A-level History-Russia > Gorby > Flashcards

Gorby Flashcards

1
Q

aral sea disaster

A

B’s years, Aral sea drained to irrigate land = environmental disaster which gained publicity during glasnost

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2
Q

August coup

A

attempted overthrow of G by conservative hardliners 1991 which was stopped by Yeltsin calling a general strike

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3
Q

Baltic states

A

Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia

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4
Q

berlin waall

A

dismantled by ‘people power’ 9 november 1989

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5
Q

brezhnev doctrine

A

all countries should actively work to maintain socialism through military action

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6
Q

catastroika

A

economic catastrophe

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7
Q

chernobyl

A

1986 accident at nuclear power station

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8
Q

Commonwealth of Independent States

A

11/15 former Soviet republics joined 21 Dec 1991 = USSR destroyed

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9
Q

when was Rationalisation

A

1985-6

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10
Q

what was the state of economic growth in 70s + 80s

A

-by 1970s economic growth = 2%
but it dropped to 0.6% in 1980s

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11
Q

why did economic growth begin to decline by 1970s

A

-lack of incentive for hard work + innovation
-lower productivity than the West
-waste (12% of machinery not used)
-12-17% of GDP spent on weapons
-centralisation + Gosplan setting targets

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12
Q

what did Rationalisation aim to do

A

use the existing system to stimulate economic growth

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13
Q

what were the main policies of Rationalisation

A

-Alcohol Campaign - may 1985
-12th Year Plan

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14
Q

what was the alcohol campaign

A

-similar ideas to Andropov
-better health
-stop problems caused by alcohol (spending)
-raised legal drinking age
-reduced production

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15
Q

what % of household spending was on alcohol according to alcohol campaign

A

15%

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16
Q

why did the alcohol campaign not work

A

-illegal moonshine was made
-government made less from the taxes (lost 67 billion roubles)

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17
Q

what did the 12th year plan aim to do

A

-new investment would lead to 20% increase in industrial production in the next 15 years
-less waste
-set up ‘superministries’ to co-ordinate economic activity + reduce waste

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18
Q

why did Rationalisation fail

A

-resistance to reforms from those in privileged positions + military
-deficit due to military spending and consumer goods
-increased military spending due to war in Afghanistan
-declining price of oil
-gorby didn’t listen to economic advisers
-economy still focussed on quantity not quality

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19
Q

what reform was brought in after the failures of Rationalisation

A

perestroika 1987-march 1990

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20
Q

how did gorby want to revitalise the economy in pereseroika

A

by introducing some aspects of a market economy + allowing private enterprise

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21
Q

when was the Law on Individual Activity

A

1986

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22
Q

what did the Law on Individual Activity 1986 do

A

legal to make money from small scale work ie. private teaching/ maintenance jobs

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23
Q

when was the Law on State Enterpirise

A

1987

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24
Q

what was the Law on State Enterprise

A

devolved power from central gov to individual factory managers to set prices
-failed as Gosplan retained control

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25
Q

when was the Encouragement of Joint Ventures

A

jan 1987

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26
Q

what was the Encouragement of Joint Ventures

A

foreign firms had businesses in USSR
eg. MacDonald’s 1990

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27
Q

when was the Law on Co-operatives

A

1988

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28
Q

what did the Law on Co-operatives do

A

legal to set up large scale businesses
eg. by 1990 200,000 private companies = largely successful

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29
Q

when was the power of Gosplan reduced

A

abolished 1990

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30
Q

why were free market goods unpopular

A

they weren’t subsidised by the gov = expensive

31
Q

what fraction of food was imported top the USSR

A

1/5th

32
Q

in how many regions was meat rationed to in 1985

A

26 out of 55 regions

33
Q

what % did the GDP shrink by from 1986 to 1990

A

4%

34
Q

what was Gorby’s approval rate in dec 1989 and what did it from to in nov 1990

A

1989 = 52%
1990 = 21%

35
Q

when was the 500 day programe

A

aug 1990

36
Q

how did confusion over which economic plan to adopt cause economic collapse

A

Soviet gov didn’t implement 500 day programme but the plan was accepted by Russian Parliament and the national republics

37
Q

what fraction did soviet output decline by between 1990-91

A

1/5

38
Q

what % did oil production fall

A

9%

39
Q

what % did steel and tractor production fall by

A

12%

40
Q

what was catastroika

A

economic collapse

41
Q

when did the Supreme Soviet introduce the idea of private property

A

jan 1991

42
Q

when could citizens trade in stocks + shares

A

april 1991

43
Q

what was the views on the political system by 1985

A

-ppl cynical about party = corruption
-stagnation
-gerontocracy
-stability of cadres = in position forever
-1977 B constitution put Party first

44
Q

when did Gorby become General Secretary

A

1985

45
Q

what did Gorby introduce to reduce hardliners so his economic reforms could continue

A

democratisation + glasnost

46
Q

when was glasnost introduced

A

27th Party Congress
feb - march 1986

47
Q

what was glasnost

A

policy of openness

48
Q

who was responsible for the media under glasnost

A

Yakovlev

49
Q

what criticisms of the party were published under glasnost

A

-katyn massacre
aral sea disaster
1930s famine + scale of stalin’s atrocities
-admitted problems of soviet economy

50
Q

who was released under glasnost

A

dissidents from prison
eg. Sakharov back from exile in Gorky

51
Q

at what party conference were problems admitted due to glasnost

A

1988 Party Congress
-inadequate housing, healthcare + education
-poverty in rural population

52
Q

when did Soviet citizens gain the right to vote between a choice of communist party candidates

A

1989

53
Q

what % of seats in the Congress of People’s Deputies did the communist win

A

80%

54
Q

what % of votes in Moscow did Yeltsin get

A

89%

55
Q

what organised opposition group did Yeltsin form

A

Inter-Regional Deputies Group

56
Q

what were the problems with glansot

A

-allowed Gorby to be criticised
-allowed ppl to see the scale of problems in USSR
-gorby alienated everyone while trying to please everyone

57
Q

what were the unexpected consequences of the 1989 elections

A

-nationalists wanted to break up USSR so used it to campaign for independence
-Yeltsin emerged as a popular figure
-elections weakened the whole party

58
Q

when was Gorby appointed as President of the USSR

A

1990

59
Q

why was Gorby as President cauisng problems

A

-lacked democratic legitimacy as he wasn’t elected, only appointed by Congress of People’s Deputies (where he had majority of support)

60
Q

why was the communist party powerless by the end of 1990

A

-elections to local soviets saw communist candidates defeated
-opposition secured 60% of seats in Leningrad
-non russian republics support for national groups grew

61
Q

why did democratisation + glasnost fail to achieve its goals

A

-greater openness destroyed Party authority
-democratisation questioned the party’s legitimacy

62
Q

when was the repression of hungary

A

1956

63
Q

when was the Prague Spring

A

1968

64
Q

when did Gorby reject the brezchenv doctrine for the sinatra doctrine

A

aug 1989

65
Q

when did the berlin wall fall

A

9 nov 1989

66
Q

when was the Tbilisi massacre

A

1989

67
Q

when did Lithuabia declare independence

A

march 1990

68
Q

what did gorby propose to try and saev the USSR

A

9+1 argreement

69
Q

when would the 9+1 agreement be signed

A

21 aug 1991

70
Q

when did Russian Presidential elections happen

A

june 1991

71
Q

what % of russian president election sdid yeltisin get

A

57%

72
Q

when did the Moscow Coup collapse

A

21 Aug 1991

73
Q

when was the CIS signed

A

dec 1991

74
Q
A

A-level History-Russia (16 decks)

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