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ZDone Gospel and Acts > Gospel and Acts Week 1 > Flashcards

Gospel and Acts Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

scriptoriums

A

highly regulated places where manuscripts were copied with minimal error

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2
Q

As the copies of the New Testament multiplied, three formal changes were introduced:

A
  1. codex - enabled looking up passages without unrolling
  2. uncials (capitals) gave way to faster cursive scripts
  3. many translations (“version”) were made early on
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3
Q

Name two types of errors in manuscripts

A
  1. accidental errors

2. introduced errors to correct perceived errors

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4
Q

first Greek Bible on printing press (year?) first printed a _________

A

Complutension Polyglot Bible, v. 5 (1514) first printed Greek glossary

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5
Q

first Greek NT printed and published (year?) - based on _________________________

A

Erasmus’ Greek NT (1516) based on 2 inferior 12th-century manuscripts from Basle monastery (hundreds of typographical errors - ignored best manuscript because different

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6
Q

All early editions of the Greek New Testament were copies of what?

A

Erasmus’ Greek NT

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7
Q

After consulting the _________, Erasmus created the ____ edition of his NT which included what three things

A

After consulting the Complutension, Erasmus created the 4th edition of his NT which included Greek, Vulgate, and his own Latin translation

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8
Q

Erasmus’ 5th edition abandaned what?

A

the Vulgate

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9
Q

Name 3 early editions of the Greek New Testament which relied on Erasmus

A
  1. Robert Etienne (Stephanus) - first 2 editions mix of Eraasmian and Complutension - 3rd included Critical/textual Apparatus (variant readings) and had an astonishing influence reprinted in Geneva in 1553 by Jean Crispin with only half dozen changes
  2. Beza (successor to Calvin) published 9 editions with some new textual evidence (King James translators depended on this heavily)
  3. Elzevir brothers published a compact edition in Leiden in 1624 - the 1633 2nd edition is “received text” behind all English translations until 1881
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10
Q

Which early Greek New Testament did the King James translators depend on heavily?

A

The Beza edition

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11
Q

Which early Greek New Testament was the “received text” behind all English translations until 1881?

A

the Elzevir Brothers 1633 second edition

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12
Q

Who is credited with beginning textual criticism?

A

Richard Simon - a French priest at the end of the 17th century

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13
Q

Name the critical figure (perhaps father) at the head of textual criticism.

A

Johann Albrecht Bengal (ed. published in 1734, text differs from “received text” substantial “critical apparatus” five groups of textual variants

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14
Q

Name the two famous rules Johann Albrecht Bengal used to judge the originality of something in a manuscript

A
  1. the number of manuscripts with errors matters less than when a manuscript was written and where the errors began
  2. “Proclivi scriptioni praestat ardua” The more difficult reading is to be preferred over the easier (because on the whole scribes tended to eliminate perceived difficulties)
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15
Q

What is external evidence?

A

what readings are supported by what manuscripts

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16
Q

What is internal evidence? (Name two kinds of internal evidence)

A

what arguments from the text can defend a reading (intrinsic probability and transcriptional probability)

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17
Q

What is intrinsic probability?

A

what author is likely to have written

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18
Q

What is transcriptional probability?

A

what copyists are likely to have put down

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19
Q

What is the most important center for New Testament textual criticism with an astonishingly high percent digitized?

A

Institut für Neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster

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20
Q

Name and define three kinds of textual critics

A
  1. eclecticism - choose reading based on carefully evaluated best fit
  2. “received text” - either from Elzaevir brothers or reading supported by greatest number of manuscripts
    “3. thoroughgoing eclecticism” - discount external evidence - all that matters is the intrinsic probability and the transcriptional probability
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21
Q

The overwhelming majority of the Greek New Testament is _____________. Where uncertainties remain, _____________________.

A

The overwhelming majority of the Greek New Testament is firmly established. Where uncertainties remain, in no case is any doctrinal matter at issue.

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22
Q

“Perhaps too, it is worth speculating that, in God’s providence, we are better off without the originals, for we would almost certainly…

A

…have treated them with idolatrous reverence focused more on the mere artifact than on what the manuscript actually said.”

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23
Q

There is very good evidence that the original New Testament was written in ___________ called _______, without _______ and with ______________.

A

There is very good evidence that the original New Testament was written in capital letters, without spaces, and with little or no punctuation.

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24
Q

Would a private copy made by an eager and well-meaning layperson be more likely to include more transcriptional errors than copies made and checked in a scriptorium?

A

Dyer doesn’t like looking at it this way. He thinks they would have known it was the Word of God and have been more careful to have it checked over, etc.

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25
Q

The most eloquent of these early discussions between Jews and Christians in the second century comes from the pen of __________ in the book ______________________. It tells of Justin’s conversation with a learned Jew, ________, and some of his friends. It not only shows Justin’s desire to win Jews as well as Gentiles to Christ but also how a second-century Christian apologist interpreted the Old Testament in the light of the New to construct a whole-Bible theology.

A

Justin Martyr
Dialogue with Trypho
Trypho

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26
Q

Which city is the first with a strong mixed race (Jew and Christian) of which we know anything subtantial?

A

Antioch

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27
Q

What did philosophy mean in the ancient world?

A

something like what we mean by “worldview” - various teachers and Christians earnestly sought to evangelize men and women who held these diverse pagan worldviews

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28
Q

What did the plurality of religions in the Roman world of the first three centuries agree on?

A

There was no one way to god.

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29
Q

the most substantial cache of gnostic documents conveniently made available in English translation is from

A

The Nag Hammadi Library in English

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30
Q

Name three main differences which can be read in the gnostic documents

A
  1. matter is usually seen to be intrinsically bad
  2. salvation is secured, not by the substitutionary death of a sacrifice, but by knowledge of one’s true identity
  3. secret rites abound
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31
Q

the best known of the apologists against dangerous heresies who devoted five volumes to the detection and overthrow of various forms of gnosticism

A

Irenaeus of Lyons

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32
Q

When did Irenaeus of Lyons write and from whom did he learn?

A

Though he wrote toward the end of the second century, in his youth he had listened to Polycarp, who had in turn been a disciple of John.

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33
Q

Name two influences on the thought that in the earliest church there was no real distinction between orthodoxy and heresy

A
  1. Walter Bauer (1971) claimed this but only examined texts from the second century on.
  2. The Jesus Seminar accepted the Bauer thesis and argue further that the earliest strata of Christian teaching actually support gnosticism and often present Jesus as rather more akin to a traveling Cynic preacher than anything else.
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34
Q

As an example of an early exploration of the relationships among the gospels, __________ (dates?) produced his ____________, essentially a harmony of the four canonical gospels. His work was used in the_____________________________________.

A

Tatian (c. 110-172) Diatessaron

His work was used in the Syrian church as a guide for its liturgy until the fifth century

35
Q

By the end of the third century, where were the two most influential approaches to the study of the Bible centered?

A

Alexandria and Antioch

36
Q

Which school warmly embraced philosophy as a weapon in the arsenal of Christian apologetics, especially philosophy descended from Plato? What method did they often resort to in their exegesis? Which doctrine did they flirt with?

A

Alexandrian School
They often resorted to allegorical method in their exegesis.
They flirted with a view of the Trinity that bordered on tri-theism (belief in three Gods)

37
Q

Which school favored a more literal, rational, and historical exegesis?
As a result, they insisted that some parts of Scripture have more doctrinal and spiritual value than others and felt no need to extract such value from the less fecund parts by resorting to ____________.
In general, they approached the subject of Christology by beginning with Christ’s ___________.
The more radical fringe of these __________ tended to see Christ________________.

A

Antiochene School
allegory
true humanity
not as the God-man, but as a man indwelt by God

38
Q

The most stalwart defender of orthodox Christology was ______________, an _________ by birth but ___________ by education. He produced many theological apologetics, not least in defense of the full ______ of Christ, and many ___________ on Biblical books.

A 
Athanasius
Egyptian
Greek
deity
commentaries
39
Q

The Council of _______ (dates?) gave us the ______, which stood against the teaching of Arius to the effect that the Logos was “made,” insisting rather that Christ is of the same “_______’ as his Father.

A

Council of Nicea (325)
Nicene Creed
being

40
Q

______________ (c.344-407), bishop of Constantinople, was renowned for his expository preaching, which then multiplied his influence in published form - hundreds of his sermons have been preserved, along with practical and devotional writings and 236 letters

A

John Chrysostom

41
Q

Alexandrian theological extraordinaire whose works have not come down to us, but we are aware of major commentaries from his pen, plus apologetic works, text-critical work and one of the first systematic theologies (dates?)

A

Origen (c. 185-254)

Though elements of his theology were later condemned by some synods (e.g., the Synod of Constantinople of 543) and certainly his Alexandrian deployment of allegory seems forced by Antiochene standards, there is a fresh vitality in his writing that still bears pondering

42
Q

some have called this man, not Bengal, the father of New Testament text criticism

A

Origen of Alexandria (c. 185-254)

43
Q

___________ (dates?) has been called “The Father of Church History.” Owing to his extensive quotations of sources, sometimes the only access we have to important earlier documents is his Historia Ecclesiastica. In addition to his history, he wrote numerous ____________________.

A

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 265-339)

apologetics books

44
Q

the single most influential figure of the first four centuries after the apostles (dates?)

A

Augustine of Hippo (354-430)

45
Q

Christians were a profoundly _________ people from the beginning

A

textual

46
Q

the seven councils that most Christians recognize to be truly “ecumenical,” with their dates and the subjects with which they primarily wrestled are

A

Nicea I (325), Arianism
Constantinople (381), Apollinarianism
Ephesus (431), Nestorianism
Chalcedon (451), Eutychianism
Constantinople II (553), Three Chapters Controversy
Constantinople III (680-81), Monothelitism
Nicea II (7877), Iconoclasm

47
Q

The reasons that generate doctrinal controversy may be ugly and painful, but God not infrequently uses such controversies to…

A

…bring renewed theological strength and clarity of vision and understanding to his people

48
Q

Name three activities which were carried on by monasteries (though the quality of the work varies) for hundreds of years.

A
  1. manuscripts were copied (even when poorly understood)
  2. hymns were created
  3. commentaries and theological treatises were written
49
Q

Name three ways of describing Thomas Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae

A
  1. a systematic compendium of the data of Christian revelation as he understood them
  2. a revision of Augustinian epistemology along Aristotelian lines
  3. an evangelistic work aimed at Muslims
50
Q

Although earlier Christian theologians, stretching back to the patristic period, had sometimes distinguished moral, civil, and ceremonial law, it was _________ who developed this tripartite division of Old Testament law to establish the patterns of ___________ and _________ between the Old and New Testaments. This tripartite division was picked up by John Calvin and others. It offers many helpful insights, but is not the set of categories NT writers used themselves. These and other relationships still bear the influence of __________.

A

Thomas Aquinas
continuity
discontinuity
Thomas Aquinas

51
Q

Name four levels of biblical interpretation which were codified during the Middle Ages. What was the effect of these?

A
  1. literal sense, which teaches us what happened
  2. allegorical (or tropological) sense, which teaches us what to believe
  3. moral sense, which tells us what to do
  4. analogical (occasionally called eschatological) sense, which tells us where we are going

The effect was to make the Bible a closed book, reserved for experts, rightly interpreted only by the authorities of the church, and closed to most laypeople

52
Q

The rise of learning and founding of several European universities during the renaissance trumpeted the call, _________– “to the sources”

A

Ad fontes

53
Q

Scholars still dispute the nature of the relationships between the Renaissance and the Reformation (sixteenth century). Certainly the demand for reform increasingly voiced by Christian humanists contributed to the growing unrest in Western Christendom. That fact generated the old saw that “_______________”

A

“Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

54
Q

Many younger humanists converted to Protestantism, included these four leaders

A 
Ulich Zwingli (d. 1531)
Philipp Melanchthon (d. 1560)
John Calvin (d. 1564)
Theodore Beza (d. 1605)
55
Q

Name emphases of the Reformation emphasis on sola scriptura

A
  1. the Reformers insisted that while there is much to learn from Christian tradition, only the Bible has final authority. The Bible must not be domesticated by the tradition.
  2. This prompted the reformers to study once again what constitutes Scripture, and this led to the rejection of the Apocrypha as part of the canon
56
Q

Name two complementary effects of the Reformers’ emphasizing that the Bible not be domesticated by the tradition

A
  1. Ideally, the Scriptures should be studied in the languages in which they were written
  2. the Scriptures should be disseminated as widely as possible, which meant that vernacular translations should be prepared
57
Q

What is implied by a kingdom?

A

a king

58
Q

The basis for an understanding of the coming of the kingdom of God centers on Jesus Christ. Name four kinds of questions upon which He, as God’s promised Messiah, gives answers.

A
  1. the nature of the kingdom
  2. the manner of its coming
  3. the way in which it is now present in history
  4. its future, final realization beyond history
59
Q

We must think about God’s dominion and reign through

A

the Messiah

60
Q

The central theme of Jesus’ message, as it has come down to us in the synoptic gospels is

A

the coming of the kingdom of God (or, as it is usually expressed in Matthew, of the kingdom of heaven)

61
Q

What is the twofold distinction Ridderbos makes when discussion the kingdom of God?

A
  1. Universal Kingship - universal power and dominion of God over the whole world and all the nations
  2. Mediatorial Kingship - the special relation between the Lord and Israel, later called theocracy in a special sense - later illustrated by Christ as the head of the Church
62
Q

What twofold distinction can be made about the kingdom of God with respect to time?

A
  1. those passages in which Jahwe’s kingship equally encompasses the past and the future (its timeless character)
  2. the places in which the dominant element is one of expectation, of Jahwe revealing and maintaining himself as king in full glory
63
Q

We don’t find references of the kingdom of God or the kingdom of heaven in the Old Testament, but what do we find?

A

reference to Jehovah being king - which implies a kingdom

64
Q

Aramaic for kingdom (referenced in Daniel 3:33)

A

malkuth

65
Q

Founded on the confession that God is king (present kingship), the expectation arises that…

A

he will become king in an intensified and an eschatological sense (future kingship)

66
Q

a phrase found invariably in later Jewish literature which means kingdom of heaven

A

malkuth shamaim

67
Q

What is the twofold meaning which the expression malkuth shamaim has in later Jewish literature?

A
  1. the moral dominion of God over all men - the nature of this dominion being characterized by the “shouldering of its yoke”
  2. the indication of God’s coming world-dominion which sill liberate Israel from the power of the heathen and subject the whole world of nations to God
68
Q

What is generally meant by the expressions “to undertake and to throw off the yoke of the malkuth shamaim?”

A

By this “yoke” is understood the confession of monotheism and obedience to the Torah. This yoke is shouldered when, like the proselytes, people join the Jewish religion, but also whenever they again subject themselves to its commandments.

69
Q

“to shoulder the yoke of the malkuth shamaim” becomes the technical expression for:

A

to recite the so-called Shema

70
Q

What does “prodigal” mean?

A

He squandors money.

71
Q

Summarizing we can say that in Jewish eschatological literature the malkuth shamaim is understood to be the _______________________ with which he _______________ is intimately connected.

A

universal revelation of the kingship of God

appearance of the Messiah

72
Q

What are he olam ha-zeh and olam ha-ba and what do they have to do with the malkuth shamaim?

A

Hebrew for this age and the coming age. The malkuth shamaim has a very general sense and it is not possible to delimit its meaning sharply with respect tothis age and the age to come.

73
Q

The malkuth shamaim in Jewish eshatological literature comprises the ____________ of God in the final epoch in opposition to the ______________, as well as his resign in the __________________.

A

self-vindication
apostate world
everlasting kingdom of peace

74
Q

These words summarized all that had been the object of Old Testament prophecy and of Israel’s expectation of the future from the oldest times.

A

“Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand.”

75
Q

Where do we need to look to answer the question as to what Jesus meant by the coming of the kingdom?

A

It can’t be answered from the apocalyptic sector of late Jewish expectation as is done by Weiss and his followers, but only in the light of the synoptic kerygma itself, with a continuous consultation of the references to the Old Testament.

76
Q

What are two terms used for preliminary studies in the New Testament?

A

Introduction and Isagogics

77
Q

Where does the term isagogics come from?

A

the Greek work eisago (to lead in or introduce)

78
Q

What is included in a general New Testament introduction? a special? Which one does this class focus on?

A

General - canon and text of New Testament
Special - authorship, date, place of composition, audience, occasion, purpose/meaning of each book.
General, but also canon and textual criticism.

79
Q

What is very important when applying exegesis and hermeneutics to a text?

A

We need to establish where the text fits into the overall context of a book.

80
Q

How did the New Testament come to be called the New Testament? Name one Biblical basis for calling them covenants rather than testaments.

A

There were two Greek words which could have been used to translate the Hebrew word meaning covenant:
diatheke - originally arrangement between superior and inferior, but current usage is “last will and testament”
suntheke - agreement between equals (so not appropriate for God and man)

The Latin church t into Vetus Testamentum and Novum Testamentume into Vetus Testamentum and Novum Testamentum

But should have gone back to Hebrew and called it Old and New Covenant.

Clarification tough: the last 27 books are not the “New Covenant” but the scriptures of the New Covenant - Jesus declared that the shedding of His blood would bring in the New Covenant.

Biblical basis: In 2 Cor. 3:14, Paul mentions the reading of the “Old Covenant”

81
Q

What could be regarded as the constitution of Israel?

A

Pentateuch

82
Q

Explain the arrangement of the New Testament according to Metzger in “Canon of the New Testament” (a book which is alarming in some ways - weak on inspiration)

A

Gospels logically placed first with the first three together since they share a common perspective (Matthew first since apostle, Mark based on Peter so close to apostle)
Acts - next logical book
Paul’s letters to churches largest to smallest (Galatians actually shorter than Ephesians though)
Paul’s letters to individuals largest to smallest
Hebrews next since Paul has been regarded as author
James (next because elder in Jerusalem church?)
Peter, John, Jude
Revelation logically concludes

83
Q

Where does the word “canon” come from?

A

the greek word kanon - literally straight rod/bar for measuring straightness
active meaning - rule, norm, standard
passive meaning - what was measured

84
Q

The translators of the KJV made use of what?

A

Beza’s….

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