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Government and NFP Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major types of funds in governmental accounting?

A

Governmental, Proprietary, Fiduciary

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2
Q

Which two accounting bases are used in governmental accounting?

A

Accrual basis - current economic resources focus (revenues recognized when earned)

Modified accrual basis - current financial resources focus (revenues recognized when available and measurable)

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3
Q

What is a budget appropriation?

A

The highest amount allowed for a particular expenditure under a budget.

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4
Q

What is an encumbrance?

A

Records purchase and reserves it for the encumbrance.

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5
Q

What is the opening budgetary entry?

A

Dr Estimated Revenues Control
Cr Appropriations Control
Dr/Cr Budgetary Fund Balance (plug)

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6
Q

What is the closing budgetary entry?

A

Dr Appropriations Control
Dr/Cr Budgetary Fund Balance (plug)
Cr Estimated Revenues Control

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7
Q

What are the types of governmental funds?

A 
General Fund
Special Revenue Fund
Permanent Fund
Capital Projects Fund
Debt Service Fund
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8
Q

What is a General Fund?

A

The operating fund of the governmental unit

Records Significant Revenues: Taxes; Tickets; Fines; Licenses

Records Significant Expenditures: Police; Education; Fire Dept

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9
Q

What is a Special Revenue Fund?

A

Restricted for a specific purpose such as street repair.

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10
Q

What is a Permanent Fund?

A

Legally restricted fund; where only earnings can be used to fund programs.

Principal remains intact.

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11
Q

What is a Capital Projects Fund?

A

Used to acquire and build facilities.

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12
Q

What is a Debt Service Fund?

A

Handles repayment of long-term debt and related interest.

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13
Q

Which fund statements are issued in Governmental Accounting?

A

Balance Sheet

Statement of Revenues; Expenditures; and Changes in Fund Balance

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14
Q

When is Revenue recorded in Governmental Accounting?

A

When it is BOTH available and measurable; regardless of when it is spent.

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15
Q

What is Derived Tax Revenue?

A

Money collected from people doing things:

Sales tax (buying cars) or income tax (people working)

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16
Q

What is Imposed Tax Revenue?

A

Tax assessed just because things exist

Example: property tax on a car (even if it’s never driven); real estate tax

Recorded as a revenue when BUDGETED.

Estimated uncollectible property tax revenues don’t offset revenues; so don’t net them.

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17
Q

What are the types of Proprietary Funds?

A

Internal Service Funds - to serve the needs of other governmental units (i.e. motor pool)

Enterprise Funds - provide goods or services to external users (i.e. post office)

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18
Q

What are the Fund Balance Types?

A 
Restricted - Restricted by Contributor 
 Committed - Restricted by Government
 Assigned - Intended for a purpose
 Unassigned - Available to be spent
 Non-spendable - Not in a spendable state
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19
Q

What are the types of Fiduciary Funds?

A

Agency Fund - government acts as an agent or custodian

Pension Trust Fund - Government is a trustee for a pension plan

Investment Trust Fund - Government is a trustee over a series of investments

Private Purpose Trust - Trust that benefits various individuals and entities

20
Q

How are Assets & Liabilities presented on the Statement of Net Position?

A

Assets (Current & Non-Current)
Deferred Outflows of Resources
Liabilities (Current & Non-Current)
Deferred Inflows of Resources

21
Q

How are Capital Assets shown on a governmental Statement of Net Assets?

A

They are shown net of debt

Asset Cost - Accumulated Depreciation - Asset Liabilities : Net Assets

22
Q

How is infrastructure reported on a governmental Statement of Net Assets?

A

Modified approach:

Reported at cost; no accumulated depreciation

23
Q

How is a Statement of Net Assets divided?

A

Into Governmental Activities and Business Activities

24
Q

How are activities presented in a Statement of Activities?

A

They are divided by function

If the activities of a component are distinguishable from the rest of the governmental entity; then discreet presentation is required

If the activities of the component cannot be identified and separated from the rest of the governmental activities; then blended presentation is warranted.

Component units are reported in the Entity-Wide Financial Statements and not the Fund Financial Statements.

25
Q

What is the primary objective of governmental accounting?

A

To provide information that is useful and benefits a wide range of users including:

Costs of services provided

Sufficiency of revenues to cover costs

Financial position of entity

26
Q

Which financial statements are required for not - for - profit organizations?

A

Statement of Financial Position

Statement of Activities

Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Functional Expense (Volunteer Health Organizations Only)

27
Q

What are the major classifications found on a Statement of Financial Position?

A

Similar to Balance Sheet:

Assets
Liabilities
Net Assets
Unrestricted Assets
Permanently Restricted Assets
Temporarily Restricted Assets

28
Q

What are the major classifications in a Statement of Activities?

A

Similar to an Income Statement - organization - wide:

Revenues
Expenses - ONLY deducted from Unrestricted Revenues
Gains and Losses
Changes in Net Asset classes
Unrestricted
Permanently Restricted
Temporarily Restricted

29
Q

What are the characteristics of a Statement of Cash Flows for not - for - profits? What are the major classifications?

A

Both direct and indirect methods are OK

Operating Activities - Unrestricted Revenues and Unrestricted Expenses

Investing Activities

Financing Activities - Endowments and restricted contributions

30
Q

Which organizations are required to present a Statement of Functional Expenses?

A

Volunteer Health Organizations

31
Q

Which statements are required for non - governmental hospitals?

A

Balance Sheet
Statement of Operations
Statement of Changes in Net Assets
Statement of Cash Flows
Financial Statement Notes

32
Q

Which basis of accounting is used for revenues and net assets?

A

Accrual basis of accounting is used

Only external parties can restrict the use of assets (permanent or temporary)

Assets earmarked internally by management are still classified as unrestricted

33
Q

What are the characteristics of unrestricted assets or revenue?

A

No restrictions or conditions placed on entity in order to use the resources

Note: assets earmarked internally by management are still unrestricted

34
Q

When are revenues on contributions recognized?

A

Revenues on contributions are recognized in the year received - not the year the contribution is spent and are recorded at Fair Value on the date received

35
Q

When are services rendered considered contributions?

A

If the organization would have otherwise paid for them

or

They increase the value of a non - monetary asset

36
Q

Is hospital charity care revenue?

A

NO.

It is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements only.

37
Q

How are unconditional pledges to contribute recorded?

A

Classified as revenue in the current year only - multi - year future contributions fall under Temporarily Restricted.

38
Q

Which revenues are expenses deducted from?

A

Expenses ONLY deducted from Unrestricted Revenues - not Temporary or Permanently Restricted Revenues/Assets

39
Q

What are the characteristics of temporarily restricted assets/revenue?

A

Use is restricted to a future time - which could then convert to unrestricted - Class: Temp. Restricted Revenue

Unrestricted contributions promised (including multi - year contributions) - but not yet received are actually restricted by time and are therefore classified as Temporarily Restricted Assets - Multi - year contributions are recorded at the present value of the future contributions

40
Q

What are the characteristics of an endowment?

A

Use of investment is restricted - but income from investment could be either restricted or unrestricted

Must be under control of receiving entity (Quasi Endowment) in order to be recorded in unrestricted net assets

Otherwise - a memo entry is recorded

41
Q

When is the donation of an art collection recognized as a contribution or asset?

A

Not recognized as assets or contribution revenue if they are held of display or education’ or their sale results in the purchase of similar items

42
Q

When both Temporarily Restricted Assets and Unrestricted Assets are available for use - which assets are used first?

A

Temporarily restricted assets are used before Unrestricted assets.

43
Q

How is a refundable advance recorded by a not for profit?

A

Classified as a Liability

Promise to contribute assets pending on certain conditions being met

Becomes unconditional once the possibility that it won’t happen is remote

44
Q

How are investments recorded and valued in not - for - profit accounting?

A

Fair Value is mostly used

Exception - Equity method used when significant influence exists

45
Q

How are scholarships recorded?

A

As a reduction of revenue - netted against college’s tuition

46
Q

How is depreciation expense recorded by a not - for - profit?

A

Depreciation expense is allocated proportionately to various functions

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