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GPH 201 > GPH > Flashcards

GPH Flashcards

1
Q

MDG 1

A

Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty

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2
Q

MDG 2

A

Achieve Universal primary education

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3
Q

MDG 3

A

Promote gender equality and empower women

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4
Q

MDG 4

A

Reduce child mortality

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5
Q

MDG 5

A

Improve Maternal Health

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6
Q

MDG 6

A

Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases

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7
Q

MDG 7

A

Ensure Enviromental Sustainability

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8
Q

MDG 8

A

Develop a Global Partnership for developement

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9
Q

Determinants of Health

Primary and Secondary

A
  • Place of Residence
  • Race/Ethnicity
  • Occupation
  • Gender
  • Religion
  • Education
  • Social Capital
  • Socioeconomic position
  • PLUS= age, disability, sexual orientations, and other vulnerable groups

PROGRESS PLUS

Secondary:

  • costs of health care
  • illness often leads to a decrease in earnings
  • Disparities of health between economic groups
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10
Q

Education and Health: Direct and indirect determinants

A

Direct:

  • Health and education of parents affect the health and education of children
  • malnutrition and disease affect cognitive development
  • Education contributes to disease prevention

Indirect:

  • literacy allows readers to acquire health information
  • Female literacy and education are particularly important for family and children
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11
Q

Demographic Transition

A

Low income- high fertility rate, relatively high child and overall mortality rate, relatively low life expectancy, children are high proportion of population

Middle income= intermediate fertility rate, low child mortality rate, intermediate overall mortality rate, intermediate life expectancy

High income= Low fertility rate, very low child mortality rate, relatively low overall mortality rate, relatively high life expectancy, older adults are large proportion of population

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12
Q

Epidemiologic Transition

A

Low income= high burden of disease of poverty (communicable diseases)

Middle income= dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases

High income= high burden of non-communicable diseases

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13
Q

Disparities: wealth, urban/rural, ethnic,others?

A

URBAND DWELLERS- tend to enjoy better health status, coverage, and access to services than rural dwellers

RURAL- people tend to have lower incomes, less education, less access to services and weaker political voices

INCOME- large gap in access, coverage, fairness, and benefits between well off and better off

WOMEN- face health concerns related to their diminished place in societies (female infanticide, less food for female children, lower enrollment in school, violence against women)

ETHNICITY- strong association between ethnicity and health status, access and coverage

  • linked to strong association between ethnicity and power, education, and income
  • Genetic links=tay sachs and sickle cell
  • need for cultural competency in providers

FINANCIAL FAIRNESS- -substantial out of pocket costs for poor in low income countries
-in high income countries, insurance and direct medical costs seen as luxury expenditures for the under-insured

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14
Q

Emerging diseases, re-emerging and persistent diseasaes, what is impact on global health?

A

could have a substantial impact of burden of disease they have become drug resistance, or outpace our ability to produce safe and effect drugs. Or pandemic flue could be used for future disease patterns

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15
Q

Epidemiology

A

the distribution and determinants of morbidity, mortality, and disability in populations

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16
Q

Culture and Health: what practices are threats to health, what practices are beneficial?

A

Perception of health- some cultures don’t go to a doctor until they are seriously sick. Depends on what they see as normal or not?

Perception of disease- understanding and acceptance of causation of diseases. Some cultures may have very different perceptions of the causes of illness

Health Belief Model

  • Likelihood of getting an illness
  • Severity of illness if they get it
  • Benefits in engaging in behavior that will prevent illness
  • Barriers in engaging in preventative behavior
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17
Q

Waterborne

A

The pathogen is in water that is ingested

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18
Q

Water-washed

A

person to person transmission because of a lack of water for hygiene

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19
Q

water-based

A

Transmission via an aquatic intermediate host

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20
Q

Water-related insect vector

A

transmission by insects that breed in water or bite near water

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21
Q

What are different types of water-borne pathogens relevant to food and water safety

A

Enteric Protozoal parasites

Bacterial Enteropathogens

Viral Pathogens

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22
Q

Practical ways to address water related problems

A

improve water source (house connection, stand post, borehole, dug well, and rainwater collection), for sanitation include info on: there options because many people lack the knowledge, costs ( even at low costs the poor may not be able to pay up front costs), construction(may lack skills to help install the toilet), and local laws (forbid low-cost sanitation)

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23
Q

What are symptoms of water related problems

A

diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems

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24
Q

Practical ways to address indoor air pollution

A

Promote demand for better stoves and fuels to encourage and development of competitive suppliers and market choice, establish national and local policies that encourage the needed changes in stove and fuels, consider subsidies and microcredit for selective interventions to help defray the cost of improvement for the poor, and involve end users in helping to assess needs and design approaches

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25
Q

What symptoms come from indoor air pollution

A

cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, adverse reproduce outcomes, and cancer

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26
Q

Practical ways to address outdoor air pollution

A

introduction of unleaded gasoline, low smoke lubricant for two stroke engines, the banning of two stroke engines, shifting to natural gas to fuel public vehicles, tightening emissions inspections on vehicles, and reducing the burning of garbage

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27
Q

What people groups are most affect?

A

low and middle income countries

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28
Q

how can HIV/AIDS be spread

A

a virus that can be spread through: unprotected sex, mother to child transmission (during birth or through breast feeding), bllod (transfusion, needle, sharing or accidental needle stick) and transplantation of infected organs and tissues

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29
Q

General path of spreading HIV/AIDS

A

sexual or bloodborne

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30
Q

How do you control HIV/AIDS

A

to change your behavior, because the most likely group of people that become infected with HIV/AIDS are the MARPS (most at risk populations)-sex workers, men who have sex with other men, and injecting drug users,

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31
Q

How to treat HIV/Aids

A

there isn’t any treatment for HIV/AIDS the only thing you can do is change your lifestyle so you aren’t in the MARPs

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32
Q

Preventative measures for HIV/AIDs

A

sustained political leadership at the highest level, involvement of a broad range of civil society efforts to address HIV/AIDS, broad based programs to change social norms, open communication about HIV/AIDS and related sexual matters, programs to reduce stigma and discrimination, good epidemic survelliance, information, education, and communication, voluntary counseling and testing, condom promotion, screening and treatments for STIs, prevention of mother-to-child transmission through avoiding pregnancy and antiretroviral treatments, interventions that target populations that transmit the virus from high risk to low risk people, and prevention of bloodborne transmission through blood safety, harm reduction for injecting drug users, and universal precautions in health care setting.

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33
Q

Malaria

A

caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium and the disease is spread by the bite of a mosquito (VECTORBORNE)

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34
Q

Treatment for malaria

A

There isn’t a vaccine against malaria but prevent of malaria include: prompt treatment of those infected based on confirmed diagnosis, intermittent preventative therapy for pregnant women, long lasting insecticide treated zones for people living in malarial zones, and indoor residual spraying of the homes of people in malarial zones

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35
Q

Tuberculosis

A

caused by the bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis and is spread through aerosol droplets (INHALATION)

36
Q

Treatment of TB

A

There is a vaccination for TB called BCG that are used for children, but have little impact on the overall incidence and prevalence of TB. The treatment strategy is called DOTs-consists of a 6 month regiment that normally includes four drugs. For the first two months you use four drugs and the last four months you use two drugs.

37
Q

DOTs

A

relatively short course of therapy directly observed by a local care provider or community member.

Five essential components:

  1. sustained political commitment to a national TB program
  2. access to quality assured sputum smears and microscopy
  3. standardized regimens of short course chemotherapy under direct observation
  4. Regular uninterrupted supply of quality assured anti TB drugs
  5. Monitoring and evaluation for program supervision
38
Q

Diarrheal disease

A

caused by bacteria, viruses, and/ or parasites that are transmitted by contaminated water or food through fecal oral rout

39
Q

Treatment diarrheal disease

A

diarrheal disease are controlled by cases management (treatment) and improved care giving, improved care seeking and disease recognition, and improved water sanitation hygiene.

40
Q

Emerging diseases

A

diseases that has not been in circulation or known to infect people or animals in wide area or at all
-these diseases typically have had very narrow endemic regions

EBOLA, SARS, AVIAN FLUE

41
Q

Zoonotic infections

A

disease that can be passed between animals and human. To stop the emerging disease you have to identify the reservoir and stop that animal from transmitting

42
Q

Common cancers among Males

A

lung, liver, stomach colon/rectum, esophagus

43
Q

Common cancers among women

A

breast, uterine cervix, colon/rectum, lung and stomach

44
Q

Biggest killer cancers

A
  1. Lung cancer

followed by colon and breast cancer

45
Q

What are risk factors that are specific for certain cancers?

A
  • Viral causes
    1. Hep B- Liver
    2. HPV- Cervical Cancer
    3. H. pylori- gastric cancer
  • Tobacco use is the most important risk factor for cancer causing 22% of global cancer deaths and 71% of global lung cancer deaths
  • Envriomental-chemical, pollution, and occupational
46
Q

Cancer facts

A

prevalence of cancer higher in High income countries

  • survival rate for those diagnoses very from country to country
  • survival rates lower in low income countries
47
Q

Prevention (cancer)

A
  • increase avoidance of the risk factors
  • vaccinate against HPV and HBV
  • Control Occupational Hazards
  • Reduce exposure to sunlight
  • -Early detection and treatment can increase survival chance
48
Q

Types of cardiovascular disease

A

1 Strokes
2 Ischemic Heart Disease
3 Hypertension
4 Congestive Heart Failure

49
Q

Risk factors for CVD

A

tobacco use, physical inactivity, obesity, unhealthy diet, poorly controlled diabetes, unhealthy blood lipid level

50
Q

Facts of CVD

A

largest cause of death in ALL regions except Sub-Saharan Africa
-30% of all death in high income countries and 28% of all deaths in low and middle income countries

51
Q

Types of Diabetes

A

Type 1- is a life long condition in which the pancreas stops making insulin. Without insulin the body is not able to use glucose for energy

Type II- produce insulting but they either do not make enough insulin or their bodies do not efficient use the insulting they do make. (MOST COMMON)

52
Q

Risk factors for diabetes

A

obesity, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet

53
Q

complications of diabetes

A

vision loss, cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, small blood vessel diseases

54
Q

Types of Mental disorders

A

1) Depression
2) Schizophrenia
3) panic disorder
4) bipolar affective disorder

55
Q

Why large burden of disease for Mental disorders?

A

-One reason for the large burden is the large number of people who suffer mental disorders. Mental disorders start at relatively young ages, they go on for a long time, and they are often not cured. Therefore they produce large amounts of diability. There is also some death/mortality associated with mental disorders (suicide)

56
Q

Tobacco use

A

is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes.

- In low income countries relatively small share of women smoke.
- Men smoke more than women - The prevalence for smoking depends on region when it comes to how many women and men smoke - The higher the socioeconomic status and the higher the education, the less likely a person is to smoke - In some countries (Canada, Poland, Thailand, the UK, and the US) the sue of tobacco has been declining. - Usage is increasing among men in low and middle income countries and among women in all regions
57
Q

Policy programs to prevent alcohol abuse

A
  • taxation
  • restriction on consumption
  • advertising limits
  • treatment
    - medical and mental/behavioral health services
58
Q

Road Traffic accidents

A

Men are three times more likely to die. Leading cause of death in youths 5-14 yrs old

59
Q

poisoning

A

more likely in young boys than young girls

60
Q

Falls

A

Elderly and young

61
Q

Burns

A

Women were twice as likely to die than men. Children are likely to suffer burns than any other age group

62
Q

Drownings

A

leading cause of death in youth 5-14 years old. Males are more likely than females

63
Q

% of TOTal death

A 
road traffic
other
Drowning
falls
poisoning
fires
64
Q

% of TOTAL DALYS

A 
Other
road traffic
falls
fire
drownings
poisoning
65
Q

Disaster

A

an occurrence either natural or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance

66
Q

Complex emergency

A

a complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security.

67
Q

Refugee

A

a person who is outside his or her country of nationality or habitual residence

68
Q

Internally displace people

A

someone who has been force to leave their home for reasons such as religious or political persecution or war, but has not crossed an international border.

69
Q

Vulnerable groups of natural disasters

A

being very old, very young, or very sick when trying to flee these disasters. Also, the low-income families that live in high impact places for natural disasters. Women will suffer during the aftermath of the disaster if the house has been harmed and people are living in camps.

70
Q

Violence during disasters

A

increases after a disaster and the women are the most at risk due of sexual violence. Rape may be used as a weapon of war. Also, the chaos and economic distresses of conflict situations place women at risk of sexual violence and sometime force the to trade sex for food or money. “survival sex”

71
Q

problems faced with disasters

A

food availabity because the number of people in the camp usually outnumber
-PTSD due to change in their ways of living, their loss of livelihoods, damaged social networks, and physical and mental harm to them, their families, and their friends

72
Q

Gravidity

A

total number of times a woman has been pregnant in her lifetime

73
Q

Parity

A

total number of live births

74
Q

Fertility

A

total number of births: live or still born

75
Q

Fertility rate

A

avg number children a woman gives birth to

76
Q

Private health system

A

out of pocket payment
cost burden is individually
Coverage-poorest excluded
Where used- most low income countries

77
Q

Mostly Private health System

A

Payment-private insurance
Cost burden-increasing pooled risks
Coverage-increasingly equitable
Where used-US

78
Q

Mostly Public Health System

A

Payment-social insurance/sickness funds
cost burden- increasing pooled risks
coverage-increasingly equitable
Where used-Middle-income and some high income countries

79
Q

Public Health Systems

A

Payment- General Revenues (taxes)
Cost burden- Whole population
Coverage- Universal
Where used- Some high-income countries

80
Q

What are some reasons for brain drain and what are some solutions?

A

There are insufficient numbers of health care workers from developed countries leading to health care shortages in those countries and thus the movement and thus the movement of the health care workers to fill the gap.

Solutions- Raising the admission numbers, provide more advance training opportunities, provide incentives for these people to go to developing countries

81
Q

Private health system

A

out of pocket payment
cost burden is individually
Coverage-poorest excluded
Where used- most low income countries

82
Q

Mostly Private health System

A

Payment-private insurance
Cost burden-increasing pooled risks
Coverage-increasingly equitable
Where used-US

83
Q

Mostly Public Health System

A

Payment-social insurance/sickness funds
cost burden- increasing pooled risks
coverage-increasingly equitable
Where used-Middle-income and some high income countries

84
Q

Public Health Systems

A

Payment- General Revenues (taxes)
Cost burden- Whole population
Coverage- Universal
Where used- Some high-income countries

85
Q

What are some reasons for brain drain and what are some solutions?

A

There are insufficient numbers of health care workers from developed countries leading to health care shortages in those countries and thus the movement and thus the movement of the health care workers to fill the gap.

Solutions- Raising the admission numbers, provide more advance training opportunities, provide incentives for these people to go to developing countries

GPH 201 (1 decks)

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