Gram Negitive Pathogens- Non-enteric

Question 1

Explain the transmission of whooping cough ?

Answer 1

New cases arise from children with disease
Droplet dissemination
Degree of contact important( family member infected)
Majority of deaths

Question 2

Name the 3 prevention methods of pertussis?

Answer 2

Vaccination- infants (2m,3m,4m,40m), travellers, at risk workers, non-immunised individuals
Antimicrobial- antibiotics eg. Erythromycin
Management- isolation of other children

Question 3

Name the 2 types of bacterial meningitis?

Answer 3

Neisseria meningitidis and haemophilus influenzae

Question 4

In how many cases is the classic fever, neck stiffness and altered mental status present in bacterial meningitis

Answer 4

44%

Question 5

What is another name for pertussis?

Answer 5

Whooping cough

Question 6

Explain the structure/characteristics of Haemophilus influenza?

Answer 6

Small gram negative rods, nutritionally fastidious (need specific nutrition) come in capsulated and non-capsulated form

Question 7

Which form capsulated or non capsulated is more likely to cause disease ?

Answer 7

Capsulated

Question 8

What are the risk factors associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Answer 8

More common in winter, typical in childhood, exposure to household contact, associated with low economic status and mortality rate= 5%

Question 9

Prior to the Hib vaccine what was the incidence of invasive Hib/year?

Answer 9

1500 cases

Question 10

Prior to the Hib vaccine what was the incidence of Hib meningitis/year? And how many deaths?

Answer 10

900 cases and 60 deaths

Question 11

Post vaccination what is the % change in cases

Answer 11

95% drop

Question 12

Describe the structure of Neisseria meningitidis?

Answer 12

Gram negative diplococci, bean shaped

Question 13

How is Neisseria meningitidis grouped?

Answer 13

Based on capsule

Question 14

Which groups are the common disease causes of Neisseria meningitidis in the UK?

Answer 14

Groups B, C, Y and W-135

Question 15

Name the 3 types of infection as a cause of Gonorrhoea in men? And name there symptoms

Answer 15

Urethral- discharge and dysuria
Rectal- asymptotic, discharge and anal pain
Pharyngeal- asymptotic

Question 16

Name the 4 types of infection as a cause of Gonorrhoea in women? And name there symptoms

Answer 16

Endocervical- asymptotic, discharge + abdominal pain
Urethral- dysuria
Rectal and pharyngeal- asymptotic

Question 17

What are some of the complication that can arise from Gonorrhoea?

Answer 17

Infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, rare but can spread to joints and bones, also passage to baby during birth can cause neonatal conjunctivitis

Question 18

What treatment is available for gonorrhoea?

Answer 18

Cephalosporin eg ceftriaxone single does but resistance problems arising!