Gramática - Examen 2 Flashcards
In what situations do you use the present perfect subjunctive?
Something that already happened in the past that is affecting (will, emotion, doubt, uncertainty) in the present
How do you form the present perfect subjunctive?
Present Subjunctive of haber + past participle
haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayan
What is the difference between the present subjunctive, present perfect subjunctive, and past subjunctive
Present Subjunctive- express will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty in the present
Present Perfect Subjunctive- Something that already happened in the past is affecting (will, emotion, doubt, uncertainty) in the present
Past Subjunctive- will, emotion, doubt, or uncertainty expressed in the past (ex: in the past, they insisted…)
What can “que” refer to?
People or things, subjects or objects
What are some ways to think about the relative pronoun “que” in english? When do you use it before most of the time?
“that”, “who”, and “which”
often used before a verb
What relative pronoun should you use if there’s a preposition?
What is a preposition (examples)?
el que, la que, los que, las que
Prepositions relate one thing to another with time or space or relationship.
Examples: por, para, hasta, antes, en, de, con
What other uses do el que, la que, los que, and las que have?
Clarification for clauses
What are two words that when combined change spellings?
a + el = al
de + el = del
When do you use el/la cual?
Same instances as “el que, la que, los que, and las que”= el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales
After prepositions
More formal speech
When do you use quien/quienes?
Only used for people
Quein (singular) / Quienes (plural)
Sometimes interchangeable with que (rules)
When do you use que vs. quien/quienes?
Que:
- no prepositions
- no commas
- no personal “a”
Quien/Quienes:
- prepositions
- commas
- personal “a”
What does cuyo(os)/cuya(as) mean and when do you use it? How do you decide what form to use?
means “whose”- implies possession
the form used agrees with the noun it precedes (the one that comes after)
How do you express general characteristics and abstract ideas in Spanish? What are some examples?
lo + [masculine singular adjective]
lo dificil= the difficult thing
lo bueno= the good thing
What is lo + [masculine singular adjective] equivalent to in the English construction?
lo + [masculine singular adjective] = the [adjective] thing
How do you express the idea of the most of the least?
Lo más
Lo menos
