Grammaire des verbes Flashcards

1
Q

Le verbe aller au présent

A

The verb aller in the present tense

Aller (to go) is an irregular verb that is used, in particular, to show movement or to say how one feels.

aller: to go
Je vais
Tu vas
Il va/elle va
Nous allons
Vous allez
Ils vont/elles vont

Tu vas bien? Ça va. How are you doing? I’m okay.

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2
Q

Les verbes en -aindre, -eindre et -oindre au présent

A

Verbs ending in -aindre, -eindre or -oindre in the present tense

In the present tense, verbs that end in -aindre, -eindre and -oindre are conjugated in the following manner. Examples include craindre (to fear), plaindre (to pity), atteindre (to reach), éteindre (to extinguish), joindre (to join), poindre (to dawn/come up), etc.

craindre: to fear
Je crains
Tu crains
Il craint/elle craint
Nous craignons
Vous craignez
Ils craignent/elles craignent

peindre: to paint, to depict
Je peins
Tu peins
Il peint/elle peint
Nous peignons
Vous peignez
Ils peignent/elles peignent

joindre: to join
Je joins
Tu joins
Il joint/elle joint
Nous joignons
Vous joignez
Ils joignent/elles joignent

Nous craignons une invasion extraterrestre. We’re afraid of an alien invasion.
Vous joignez les deux bouts ? Do you put the two ends together?
Muriel peint sa chambre en rose. Muriel is painting her room pink.

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3
Q

Le verbe acquérir au présent

A

The verb acquérir in the present tense

Verbs derived from quérir (to fetch), are conjugated in the present tense in the following way. Such verbs include acquérir (to acquire), conquérir (to conquer), s’enquérir (to inquire about), etc.

acquérir: to acquire
J’acquiers
Tu acquiers
Il acquiert/elle acquiert
Nous acquérons
Vous acquérez
Ils acquièrent/elles acquièrent

Victor conquiert toutes les femmes de Paris. Victor wins the hearts of all the women in Paris.

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4
Q

Le verbe faire au présent

A

The verb faire in the present tense

The verb faire is conjugated in the present tense in the following manner. The same goes for its derivatives, malfaire (to do wrong), refaire (to redo), satisfaire (to satisfy), défaire (to undo), etc.

faire: to make, to do
Je fais
Tu fais
Il fait/elle fait
Nous faisons
Vous faites
Ils font/elles font

Qu’est-ce que tu fais dans la vie? Je suis écrivain. What do you do for a living? I’m a writer.

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5
Q

Le verbe prendre au présent

A

The verb prendre in the present tense

In the present tense, the verb prendre (to take) is conjugated in the following way. The same goes for its derivatives, apprendre (to learn), comprendre (to understand), entreprendre (to undertake), surprendre (to surprise), etc.

Be careful: the root prend- changes to pren- for the NOUS and VOUS forms, and to prenn- for the ILS/ELLES form.

prendre: prendre (un café, une douche) : to take, to have (a coffee, a shower)
Je prends
Tu prends
Il prend/elle prend
Nous prenons
Vous prenez
Ils prennent/elles prennent

Muriel et Victor prennent le métro tous les matins. Muriel and Victor take the subway every morning.

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6
Q

Le verbe rire au présent

A

The verb rire in the present tense

In the present, the verbs rire (to laugh) and sourire (to smile) are conjugated in the following manner:

rire: to laugh
Je ris
Tu ris
Il rit/elle rit
Nous rions
Vous riez
Ils rient/elles rient

Avec Victor nous rions beaucoup! We laugh a lot with Victor!

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7
Q

Le verbe servir au présent

A

The verb servir in the present tense

Servir is conjugated in the present tense in the following manner:

servir: to serve, to be of use
Je sers
Tu sers
Il sert/elle sert
Nous servons
Vous servez
Ils servent/elles servent

Je te sers quelque chose à boire? May I get you something to drink?

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8
Q

Les principaux verbes irréguliers

A

Common irregular verbs

Aller, Faire, Dire
Voir, Prendre, Venir
Savoir, Dormir, Boire

aller: to go
Je vais
Tu vas
Il va/elle va
Nous allons
Vous allez
Ils vont/elles vont

faire: to make, to do
Je fais
Tu fais
Il fait/elle fait
Nous faisons
Vous faites
Ils font/elles font

dire: to say, to tell
Je dis
Tu dis
Il dit/elle dit
Nous disons
Vous dites
Ils disent/elles disent

voir: to see
Je vois
Tu vois
Il voit/elle voit
Nous voyons
Vous voyez
Ils voient/elles voient

prendre: to take
Je prends
Tu prends
Il prend/elle prend
Nous prenons
Vous prenez
Ils prennent/elles prennent

venir: to come
Je viens
Tu viens
Il vient/elle vient
Nous venons
Vous venez
Ils viennent/elles viennent

savoir: to know
Je sais
Tu sais
Il sait/elle sait
Nous savons
Vous savez
Ils savent/elles savent

dormir: to sleep
Je dors
Tu dors
Il dort/elle dort
Nous dormons
Vous dormez
Ils dorment/elles dorment

boire: to drink
Je bois
Tu bois
Il boit/elle boit
Nous buvons
Vous buvez
Ils boivent/elles boivent

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9
Q

Les verbes appeler, jeter au présent

A

The verbs appeler and jeter in the present tense

In the present tense, appeler, jeter and similar verbs (interpeler, projeter, etc.) are conjugated like 1st group verbs (-er), but double their consonants (-elle ou -ette) for je, tu, il/elle, ils/elles.

appeler: to call
J’appelle
Tu appelles
Il appelle/elle appelle
Nous appelons
Vous appelez
Ils appellent/elles appellent

jeter: to throw away
Je jette
Tu jettes
Il jette/elle jette
Nous jetons
Vous jetez
Ils jettent/elles jettent

Comment t’appelles-tu ? What’s your name?
jettent-ils leurs déchets ? Where do they throw away their waste / garbage / rubbish?

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10
Q

Les verbes croire et boire au présent

A

The verbs croire and boire in the present tense

Boire (to drink) and croire (to believe) are conjugated in the present tense in the following way :

boire: to drink
Je bois
Tu bois
Il boit/elle boit
Nous buvons
Vous buvez
Ils boivent/elles boivent

croire: to believe
Je crois
Tu crois
Il croit/elle croit
Nous croyons
Vous croyez
Ils croient/elles croient

Tu ne me crois pas ? Non, je ne te crois pas du tout. Don’t you believe me? No, I don’t believe you at all.

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11
Q

Les verbes devoir et savoir au présent

A

The verbs devoir and savoir in the present tense

Devoir and savoir are conjugated in the present tense in the following manner :

devoir: must, to have to
Je dois
Tu dois
Il doit/elle doit
Nous devons
Vous devez
Ils doivent/elles doivent

savoir: to know
Je sais
Tu sais
Il sait/elle sait
Nous savons
Vous savez
Ils savent/elles savent

Désolée, je dois partir. Sorry, I have to leave.
Tu sais qui c’est ? Oui, je sais, c’est la copine de Victor. Do you know who it is? Yes, I do. It’s Victor’s girlfriend.

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12
Q

Les verbes en -aître au présent

A

Verbs ending in -aître in the present tense

The verbs connaître (to know), naître (to be born/emerge), and paraître (to seem) are conjugated in the present tense in the following way. The same goes for their derivatives, reconnaître (to recognize), méconnaître (to be unaware of/misjudge), apparaître (to appear), comparaître (to appear, go before), disparaître (to disappear), etc.

connaître: to know
Je connais
Tu connais
Il connaît/elle connaît
Nous connaissons
Vous connaissez
Ils connaissent/elles connaissent

Tu connais ma sœur ? Do you know my sister?

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13
Q

Les verbes en -dre comme entendre au présent

A

Verbs ending in -dre like entendre in the present tense

Verbs that end in -dre, such as entendre (to hear) and attendre (to wait), are conjugated in the present tense in the following manner. The same goes for: rendre (to return); descendre (to descend); vendre (to sell); fondre (to melt); répondre (to respond); perdre (to lose); mordre (to bite); etc.; and their derivatives.

entendre: to hear
J’entends
Tu entends
Il entend/elle entend
Nous entendons
Vous entendez
Ils entendent/elles entendent

Exception alert! The verb prendre (to take) has an irregular root: je prends, tu prends, il/elle prend, nous prenons, vous prenez, ils prennent; I take, you take, he/she takes, we take, you take, they take.

Vous entendez ? Non, je n’entends rien. Do you hear? No, I don’t hear anything.

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14
Q

Les verbes en -ir comme ouvrir au présent

A

Verbs ending in -ir like ouvrir in the present tense

Verbs that end in -ir, such as ouvrir (to open) and couvrir (to cover), are conjugated in the present tense in the following way. The same goes for offrir (to offer), souffrir (to suffer), découvrir (to discover), recouvrir (to cover), etc.

ouvrir: to open
J’ouvre
Tu ouvres
Il ouvre/elle ouvre
Nous ouvrons
Vous ouvrez
Ils ouvrent/elles ouvrent

Muriel et Marcel offrent un cadeau à Gérard. Muriel and Marcel give Gérard a present.

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15
Q

Les verbes en -yer au présent

A

Verbs ending in -yer in the present tense

In the present tense, verbs that end in -yer, such as payer (to pay), ennuyer (to bore/irritate) or nettoyer (to clean) are conjugated like regular first group verb (ending in -er). The exception to note is that the y becomes an i in the je, tu, il/elle and ils/elles forms.

payer: to pay
Je paie
Tu paies
Il paie/elle paie
Nous payons
Vous payez
Ils paient/elles paient

ennuyer: to bore
J’ennuie
Tu ennuies
Il ennuie/elle ennuie
Nous ennuyons
Vous ennuyez
Ils ennuient/elles ennuient

nettoyer: to clean
Je nettoie
Tu nettoies
Il nettoie/elle nettoie
Nous nettoyons
Vous nettoyez
Ils nettoient/elles nettoient

Note that verbs ending in -ayer can be written in the present in two different ways.
Je paye (ou je paie) en carte bleue. I’m paying with a credit card.
Il essaye (ou il essaie) d’apprendre le français. He tries to learn French.
Il pleut, on s’ennuie ! It’s raining, we’re bored!

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16
Q

Les verbes mettre et battre au présent

A

The verbs mettre and battre in the present tense

The verbs mettre (to put) and battre (to beat) are conjugated in the present tense in the following way. The same goes for all their derivatives : admettre (to admit), commettre (to commit), démettre (to dismiss), permettre (to permit), promettre (to promise), soumettre (to submit), combattre (to fight), débattre (to debate), etc.

Mettre: to put
je mets
tu mets
il met
nous mettons
vous mettez
ils mettent

Battre: to beat
je bats
tu bats
il bat
nous battons
vous battez
ils battent

Victor bat les œufs pour faire une bonne omelette. Victor beats the eggs to make a nice omelette.
Vous ne mettez pas de cravate ? Aren’t you putting on a tie?

17
Q

Les verbes plaire et taire au présent

A

The verbs plaire and taire in the present tense

The verbs plaire (to please), complaire (to please), déplaire (to displease), and taire (to keep quiet) are conjugated in the following way:

plaire: to please
Je plais
Tu plais
Il plaît/elle plaît
Nous plaisons
Vous plaisez
Ils plaisent/elles plaisent

taire: to keep silent
Je tais
Tu tais
Il tait/elle tait
Nous taisons
Vous taisez
Ils taisent/elles taisent

Cela vous plaît ? Do you like that?
Ils se taisent devant tant de bêtise. They’re silenced by so much stupidity.

18
Q

Les verbes se terminant en -ger au présent

A

Verbs ending in -ger in the present tense

In the present tense, verbs that end in -ger, such as manger (to eat) or déranger (to disturb) are conjugated like regular first group verbs (-ending in -er), except that you must add an e after the g in the first person plural (nous form). Other verbs where the same rule applies : ranger (to put away), nager (to swim), voyager (to travel), etc.

manger: to eat
Je mange
Tu manges
Il mange/elle mange
Nous mangeons
Vous mangez
Ils mangent/elles mangent

déranger: déranger (quelqu’un) : to disturb, to bother (someone)
Je dérange
Tu déranges
Il dérange/elle dérange
Nous dérangeons
Vous dérangez
Ils dérangent/elles dérangent

Nous mangeons des glaces à la lavande, ça ne vous dérange pas ?
We’re eating lavender ice cream. Doesn’t that disturb you?

19
Q

Les verbes tenir et venir au présent

A

The verbs tenir and venir in the present tense

Verbs that end in -enir, such as tenir (to hold) and venir (to come), are conjugated in the present tense in the following manner. The same goes for their derivatives, devenir (to become), revenir (to return), se souvenir (to remember), appartenir (to belong), entretenir (to maintain), maintenir (to keep), soutenir (to support), etc.

tenir: to hold
Je tiens
Tu tiens
Il tient/elle tient
Nous tenons
Vous tenez
Ils tiennent/elles tiennent

Nous tenons à nous excuser. We’re anxious to apologize.

20
Q

Le présent progressif: être en train de

A

The present progressive: être en train de (to be doing something)

The expression être en train de + infinitive verb is used to emphasize actions in progress, similar to the present progressive tense in English. These constructions take a conjugated form of the verb être (in the present) + en train de + inifinitive verb.

Je suis en train de manger. I’m eating (right now)/ I’m in the process of eating.
Solange est en train de dormir. Solange is sleeping (right now).

Unlike the simple present tense, which is sometimes used for actions in progress, être en train de never describes a regular or habitual action.

Je mange = je suis en train de manger I am eating (this is an ongoing action: we can use the either the simple present, or en train de)
Je mange tous les jours au restaurant I eat at the restaurant every day (this is a habit: we can’t use en train de here)

Note: The expression être en train de has nothing to do with trains!
Je suis en train de voyager. I’m travelling.
Je voyage en train. I travel by train / I am travelling by train.

21
Q

Les verbes réguliers en -er et en -ir au présent

A

Regular -ER and -IR verbs in the present tense

Verbs of the first group end in -ER in the infinitive form: chanter (to sing), aimer (to like/love), jouer (to play), travailler (to work), etc. Verbs of the second group are mosty those ending in -IR in the infinitive: finir (to finish), choisir (to choose), réfléchir (to reflect), etc. These verbs are regular and are conjugated like this:

chanter: to sing
Je chante
Tu chantes
Il chante/elle chante
Nous chantons
Vous chantez
Ils chantent/elles chantent

finir: to finish
Je finis
Tu finis
Il finit/elle finit
Nous finissons
Vous finissez
Ils finissent/elles finissent

The present tense is used to talk about ongoing actions, habits or generalities.

Tous les matins, je me lève à 8 heures Every morning, I get up at 8am.
Les Français parlent souvent mal anglais The French often speak English badly.

Exception alert!
• The verb aller is irregular (je vais, tu vas, il/elle va, nous allons, vous allez, ils/elles vont; I go, you go, he/she goes, we go, you go, they go).
• In some case the verb is spelled differently in its conjugated forms: appelerj’appelle to call → I call; leverje lève to lift → I lift; mangernous mangeons to eat → we eat, etc.

22
Q

Imparfait ou passé composé?

A

edit on laptop

Imperfect or passé composé?

The passé composé and the imperfect tenses both describe actions that occur in the past. The question is when they should be used. This table should have the answers.

Imperfect

Used for memories, or past habits and descriptions.
The equivalent of ‘was’, ‘would’ or ‘used to’ in English.

Quand j’étais petit, j’allais souvent en vacances à la mer. When I was small, I would often go on trips to the seaside.
Dans le restaurant, la serveuse préparait des cafés et le patron lisait le journal. In the restaurant, the waitress prepared the coffees and the owner read the paper.

For events that occur at a precise point in the past.
The equivalent of the English simple past tense.

Hier, je suis allé à la mer et j’ai mangé une glace. Yesterday, I went to the seaside and I ate an ice-cream.
Dimanche, je me suis levé à 11 h et j’ai préparé du café. On Sunday, I got up at 11am and I made a coffee.

For ongoing past actions with no specified completion.
We usually translate this to ‘was + ing’.

Hier, à 5 h 30, je dormais. Yesterday at 5.30am, I was sleeping.

For actions that started and ended in the past.
The English simple past tense is used here.

J’ai dormi jusqu’à 5 h 30. I slept until 5.30.

With the following time expressions:
souvent (often), d’habitude (usually), tous les jours (every day), chaque lundi (every Monday), etc.

Chaque vendredi nous allions au marché à pied. Every Friday we would walk to the market.
Avant je sortais le chien tous les matins. Previously, I used to take the dog out every morning.

With the following time expressions:
pendant 3 jours (for 3 days), l’année dernière (last year), à 11 h (at 11 o’clock), soudain (suddenly), une fois (once), deux fois (twice), etc.

L’année dernière l’hiver a été très froid. Winter last year was very cold.
Je traversais la route lorsqu’une voiture m’a renversé. I was crossing the road when a car hit me.

23
Q

Le participe passé

A

The past participle

The past participle is formed by adding the following endings to the verb stem:
é for verbs ending in -er
i for the majority of verbs ending in -ir
u with verbs like attendre, boire, voir, lire, etc.
it or is with verbs like écrire, dire, prendre, etc.

Aimer, écouterAimé, écouté liked, listened
Finir, dormirFini, dormi finished, slept
Attendre, boire, voir, lireAttendu, bu, vu, lu waited, drank/drunk, saw/seen, read
Écrire, dire, prendreÉcrit, dit, pris wrote/written, said, took/taken

The past participle is used:
• as an adjective, to modify a noun. It must agree with the noun in gender and number: adding e in the feminine, s in the plural, and es in the feminine plural forms.
Préférerun film préféré, une phrase préférée, des livres préférés a favorite film, a favorite phrase, favorite books.
Liredes livres lus, des histoires lues, un journal lu books (already) read, stories (already) read, a read newspaper.

• to form compound tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait, passif, etc) with the auxiliary verbs être and avoir.
Elle a fini la bouteille, ils ont fini la bouteille finir, passé composé She finished the bottle, they finished the bottle (avoir auxiliary → no agreement with the subject)
Ils étaient venus, elles étaient venues venir, plus-que-parfat They had come, they had come (être auxiliary → agreement with the subject)

24
Q

Le passé composé

A

The passé composé

The passé composé (the compound past tense) is used to describe past events or actions.

La semaine dernière, j’ai commencé à apprendre le français. Last week, I started to learn French.

The passé composé is formed using the present tense form of être and avoir + past participle of the main verb:
manger j’ai mangé to eat I ate
dormir tu as dormi to sleep you slept
tomber nous sommes tombé to fall we fell

25
Q

La concordance des temps quand le verbe principal est au futur

A

The sequence of tenses when the main verb is in the future tense

Rules about the sequence of tenses (la concordance des temps) apply to sentences containing two verbs. When the main verb (in the main clause) is in a future tense (futur simple or futur proche) the other verb (in the subordinate clause) goes by the following rules:

• for actions which happen prior to the main action, we use:

  • past tenses
    Tu penseras à ce que je t’ai dit ?
    futurpassé composé
    Will you think about what I told you?
  • the present tense when referring to the current situation
    Ils récolteront demain ce que nous plantons aujourd’hui.
    futurprésent
    They will reap tomorrow what we are planting now.
  • the futur antérieur for a future event which will take place before the main action. Note that, unlike in English, French uses a future tense after quand (whereas ‘will’ is not normally used after ‘when’ in English.)
    Victor reviendra quand il aura terminé son livre.
    futurfutur antérieur
    Victor will come back when he has finished his book (= first he will finish his book then he will come back).

• for two simultaneous actions we use:

  • the future. Note: as we saw earlier, unlike in French, ‘will’ is not normally used after ‘when’ in English.
    Tu parleras français quand tu seras en France.
    futurfutur
    You will speak French when you are in France.
  • the present tense for general truths or in sentences which use si.
    Je leur dirai que je suis une amie de Victor.
    futurprésent
    I will tell them I am a friend of Victor’s.
    J’irai te chercher si tu m’appelles.
    I will pick you up if you call me. (=I will pick up when you call me)

• for an action happening after the main one we use:

  • the futur simple or futur proche
    Ce soir je t’expliquerai pourquoi je vais travailler à Paris.
    futurfutur proche
    This evening I will tell you why I will be working in Paris.
  • the conditionnel présent for something that might happen
    Je prendrai mon manteau au cas où il ferait froid.
    futurconditionnel présent
    I will take my coat in case it is cold.
26
Q

La concordance des temps quand le verbe principal est au passé composé ou à l’imparfait

A

The sequence of tenses when the main verb is in the passé composé or imperfect

Rules about the sequence of tenses (la concordance des temps) apply to sentences containing two verbs. When the main verb (in the main clause) is in the passé composé or in the imparfait, the other verb (in the subordinate clause) goes by the following rules:

• for an action happening prior to the main one we use the plus-que-parfait.
Je croyais que le facteur était déjà passé.
imparfait → plus-que-parfait
I thought the postman had already come.

• for an action happening after the main action we use the conditionnel présent.
Gérard nous a demandé pourquoi nous n’irions pas au bureau le lendemain.
passé composé → conditionnel présent
Gérard asked us why we would not go to the office the following day.

• for two simultaneous actions we generally use the imparfait:
Ce matin, j’ai regardé comment Victor préparait le poulet.
passé composé → imparfait
This morning, I watched how Victor was preparing the chicken.

27
Q

La concordance des temps quand le verbe principal est au présent

A

The sequence of tenses when the main verb is in the present tense

Rules about the sequence of tenses (la concordance des temps) apply to sentences containing two verbs. When the main verb is in the présent, the other verb (in the subordinate clause) goes by the following rules:

• for an action happening before the main one, we use a past tense (generally the imparfait or the passé composé).
Je crois que Victor a été malade
verbe 1 présentverbe 2 au passé composé
I think Victor was ill (= he is not ill any more)

Tu te rappelles quand on habitait à Paris ? présentimparfait
Do you remember when we used to live in Paris?

• for an action happening at the same time as the main one, we use the présent.
Je me demande pourquoi Victor est malade.
présentprésent
I wonder why Victor is ill.

• for an action happening after the main action we use the futur.
Je crois que Victor sera bientôt malade.
présentfutur
I think Victor will soon be ill.

Je crois que Victor va bientôt être malade. présentfutur proche
I think Victor is going to be ill soon.

Note: the sequence of tenses applies to sentences with a subordinate clause introduced by que. Depending on the context, it also applies to subordinate clauses introduced by qui, pourquoi, quand, , combien, etc.

Tu peux me dire ce que tu as fait ? Can you tell me what you did?
Gérard nous demande pourquoi nous n’irons pas à la réunion. Gérard is asking us why we won’t go to the meeting.

28
Q

La forme passive

A

The passive

The passive is formed with the conjugated verb être + the past participle of the main verb. Être is conjugated into the same tense as that of the active form.

Le chat mange la souris. (mange = présent de l’indicatif) → La souris est mangée par le chat. (est = présent de l’indicatif) The cat is eating the mouse. → The mouse is being eaten by the cat.

Le chat a mangé la souris. (a mangé = passé composé) → La souris a été mangée par le chat. (a été = passé composé) The cat ate the mouse. → The mouse was eaten by the cat.

Le chat mangera la souris. (mangera = future) → La souris sera mangée par le chat. (sera = future) The cat will eat the mouse. → The mouse will be eaten by the cat.

  • In the passive form, the past participle agrees with the subject.
    Le chat mangera la souris.La souris sera mangée par le chat. The cat will eat the mouse. → The mouse will be eaten by the cat.
    Le chat mangera les souris.Les souris seront mangées par le chat. The cat will eat the mice. → The mice will be eaten by the cat.

Note: The passive form is only used for verbs which aren’t followed by a preposition. Examples: ouvrir une porte (to open a door), manger une glace (to eat an ice cream), lire un livre (to read a book), acheter des fruits (to buy fruit), etc. These verbs can’t be used in the passive: parler à (to speak to), avoir besoin de (to need), partir pour (to leave for), etc.

Solange a acheté 12 pommes.12 pommes ont été achetées par Solange. (on dit acheter quelque chose) Solange bought 12 apples. → 12 apples were bought by Solange. (we say acheter quelque chose)

Fabienne parle à Bertrand. → pas de forme passive possible, car on dit parler à quelqu’un.
Fabienne is speaking to Bertrand →
no passive form possible, we say parler à quelqu’un.

29
Q

La négation

A

Negative constructions

Ne […] pas is used to create negative constructions in French. Ne goes before the verb (or auxiliary verb), pas goes after the verb (or auxiliary verb):

Je veux dormir.Je ne veux pas dormir. I want to sleep. → I don’t want to sleep.

Il s’appelle Victor.Il ne s’appelle pas Victor. He’s called Victor. He’s not called Victor.

  • If the verb begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u, y) or often an ‘h’, we use the contracted n’ form.

Tu aimes le chocolat.Tu n‘aimes pas le chocolat. You like chocolate. → You don’t like chocolate.

  • In spoken, informal speech, ne is commonly omitted before the verb:

Tu viens ou tu viens pas? Are you coming or not?
C’est pas possible! It’s not possible! There’s no way!
J’y arrive pas (= Je n’y arrive pas) I can’t do it, I can’t manage to do it

Careful!: We don’t pronounce the s in pas.

30
Q

La politesse: le conditionnel

A

Expressing politeness with the conditional

We use the conditional forms of vouloir and pouvoir to ask something in a polite way.

Je voudrais un café. I would like a coffee.
Tu pourrais me prêter de l’argent? Could you lend me some money?

This is how they are conjugated:
vouloir: to want, to desire
Je voudrais
Tu voudrais
Il voudrait/elle voudrait
Nous voudrions
Vous voudriez
Ils voudraient/elles voudraient

pouvoir: to be able to
Je pourrais
Tu pourrais
Il pourrait/elle pourrait
Nous pourrions
Vous pourriez
Ils pourraient/elles pourraient

We can also use other verbs in the conditional tense to show politeness. These include verbs such as avoir (to have), aimer (to like).

Vous auriez du feu, s’il vous plaît? Do you have a light, please?

Note: Using the present tense je veux (I want) instead of the conditional je voudrais (I would like) is considered impolite.

Verbe avoir au conditionnel présent
J’aurais
Tu aurais
Il aurait/elle aurait
Nous aurions
Vous auriez
Ils auraient/elles auraient

Verbe aimer au conditionnel présent
J’aimerais
Tu aimerais
Il aimerait/elle aimerait
Nous aimerions
Vous aimeriez
Ils aimeraient/elles aimeraient

31
Q

L’accord du participe passé aux temps composés

A

The agreement of the past participle in compound tenses

Reminder : The compound past tense (as le passé composé) is formed in 2 parts: the auxiliary verb (avoir or être) + the past participle of the main verb.

J’ai mangé une grenouille. I ate a frog.

Je suis sorti depuis une heure. I have been out for an hour.

As a general rule, the spelling of past participle remains unchanged for verbs taking the auxiliary avoir.

Il a mangé / elle a mangé / nous avons mangé / ils ont mangé

Il a fait / elle a fait / nous avons fait / vous avez fait / elles ont fait

When the verb takes être, the past participle agrees with the subject : feminine ‘+ e’, plural ‘+ s’, feminine ‘+ es’.

Il est parti / Elle est partie / Ils sont partis / Elles sont parties

Il est tombé / elle est tombée / nous sommes tombés / elles sont tombées

32
Q

Le conditionnel passé

A

The past conditional

Usage

The conditionnel passé (past conditional) tense is normally used in the same manner as the English ‘would have + past participle’ construction. We use it:
• for actions that could have occurred but didn’t; for regrets or reproaches.

J’aurais tellement aimé aller au Pérou! I would have so loved to go to Peru!

Thierry aurait pu être un grand artiste. Thierry could have been a great artist.

Vous auriez dû me prévenir de votre arrivée! You should have warned me you were coming!

• for past hypothetical situations, using the construction Si + plus-que-parfait conditionnel passé . This is the equivalent of the English ‘if + past perfect past conditional’ construction.

Si nous n’avions pas décongelé Victor, nous n’aurions jamais réussi la mission. If we hadn’t defrosted Victor, we would never have succeeded with the mission.

Si j’avais su qu’il allait pleuvoir, j’aurais pris mon parapluie. If I had known it would rain, I would have taken my umbrella.

• for ‘alleged’ information, usually used by journalists for unverified facts:

L’accident aurait fait 10 morts. Apparently, 10 people died in the accident.

La rumeur dit que Victor Hugo ne serait pas mort. Rumor has it that Victor isn’t dead.

Construction

The past conditional is a compound tense. This means that it is constructed using the present conditional form of the auxiliary verbs avoir or être + the past participle form of the main verb.

Si tu ne les avais pas réveillés, ils auraient dormi jusqu’à midi. If you hadn’t woken them, they would have slept until noon.

Sans Muriel, ils ne seraient pas arrivés à l’heure. Without Muriel, they wouldn’t have arrived on time.

33
Q

Le conditionnel pour exprimer le souhait

A

Expressing a wish with the conditional

To express a wish, we use verbs such as vouloir, aimer, and adorer in the present conditional. We also use expressions such as ça me ferait plaisir (it would please me) or ce serait bien (it would be good), which also use verbs (faire and être) in the conditional.

Je voudrais de l’eau, s’il te plaît. I would like some water, please.

Nous aimerions aller au cinéma. We would like to go to the cinema.

Ce serait génial de partir en vacances. That would be great to go on vacation.

J’irais bien à Paris! I would love to go to Paris!

The conditional present is quite easy to form. We just add the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.

aimer: to like, to love
J’aimerais
Tu aimerais
Il aimerait/elle aimerait
Nous aimerions
Vous aimeriez
Ils aimeraient/elles aimeraient

préférer: to prefer
Je préférerais
Tu préférerais
Il préférerait/elle préférerait
Nous préférerions
Vous préféreriez
Ils préféreraient/elles préféreraient

As ever, there are irregular verbs (about 20 main verbs) which have irregular stems and keep the same endings as above. For example, the verbs vouloir, être, aller are conjugated like this:

vouloir: to want, to desire
Je voudrais
Tu voudrais
Il voudrait/elle voudrait
Nous voudrions
Vous voudriez
Ils voudraient/elles voudraient

être: to be
Je serais
Tu serais
Il serait/elle serait
Nous serions
Vous seriez
Ils seraient/elles seraient

aller: to go
J’irais
Tu irais
Il irait/elle irait
Nous irions
Vous iriez
Ils iraient/elles iraient

34
Q

Le discours rapporté au présent

A

Reported speech in the present tense

When using reported speech, or restating something said by someone else (style indirect), we use que (that).

Il dit : « Il fait beau aujourd’hui. » → Il dit qu’il fait beau aujourd’hui.
He says: ‘The weather is nice today’. → He says that the weather is nice today.

Je te répète : « Je ne suis pas fâché. » → Je te répète que je ne suis pas fâché.
I’m telling you again: I’m not angry. → I’m telling you again that I’m not angry.

Je sors et je rentrerai après dîner. → Je dis que je sors et que je rentrerai après dîner. (Notez que l’on répète que devant chaque verbe)
I’m going out and I’ll be back after dinner. → I’m saying that I’m going out and that I’ll be back after dinner. (Note that we must repeat que before each verb)

When repeating or reporting questions that begin with a personal pronoun or est-ce que, we use si (if, whether). Note that these are generally ‘yes/no’ questions.

Tu vas venir?Je te demande si tu vas venir. Are you going to come? → I’m asking if you’re going to come.

Est-ce que tu seras là demain?Il vous demande si vous serez là demain.
Will you be there tomorrow? → He’s asking you if you will be there tomorrow.

Il va déménager ou il va rester?Je (me) demande s‘il va déménager ou s‘il va rester.
Is he going to move or stay where he is? → I wonder whether he is going to move or stay where he is.

When repeating or reporting questions that begin with qu’est-ce que or qu’est-ce qui, we use ce que or ce qui (what).

Qu’est-ce que tu dis?Je demande ce que tu dis .
What are you saying? → I’m asking what you are saying.

Qu’est-ce qui lui prend?Je demande ce qui lui prend.
What’s gotten into him? → I’m asking what’s gotten into him.

When repeating or reporting questions that begin with adverbs, we use the same adverb again.
Quel âge a Victor ?Je te demande quel âge Victor a (ou quel âge a Victor).
How old is Victor? → I’m asking you how old Victor is.

Comment s’appelle-t-il?Je me demande comment il s’appelle.
What’s his name? → I wonder what his name is.

D’où viennent tes amis?Je te demande d’où viennent tes amis.
Where are your friends from? → I’m asking you where your friends come from.

Important: In the examples above, we don’t invert the subject and verb in a reported question when the subject is a pronoun (je, tu, il, etc). We can, however, invert the subject and verb when the subject is a noun (Victor, le chien, le travail, etc.). (Note that this inversion is not possible with pourquoi and ce qui.)

Quel âge as-tu?Je te demande quel âge tu as. (et pas : Je te demande quel âge ~as-tu~.) How old are you? I’m asking you how old you are. (and not: Je te demande quel âge as-tu.)

Quel âge a Victor?Je te demande quel âge a Victor. (tournure la plus fréquente) ou Je te demande quel âge Victor a. How old is Victor? I’m asking you how old Victor is. (more common)

35
Q

Le futur proche

A

The near future

The futur proche is called the ‘near future’ in English, close in meaning to ‘going to + infinitive’. It is used to describe actions that will happen very soon.

Rentrez vite ! Il va pleuvoir ! Come back quickly! It’s going to rain!
Attention, tu vas tomber ! Watch out, you’re going to fall!

It is also used for upcoming events that will occur in the near or not-so-near future.

Je vais rester à Paris pendant trois ou quatre ans. I’m going to stay in Paris for three or four years.

Allez-vous revenir un jour à Montréal ? Are you going to come back to Montreal one day?

We use the present tense form of aller + infinitive of the main verb. Here’s the construction for nager (to swim):
je vais nager
tu vas nager
il/elle/on va nager
nous allons nager
vous allez nager
ils/elles vont nager

« Veuillez attacher votre ceinture, nous allons décoller dans quelques instants. »
Please fasten your belt, we will take off in a few moments.

36
Q

Le gérondif

A

The gerund

The gérondif (the gerund) is formed with en + the present participle. It is used is to stress that two actions are simultaneous. It has the same subject as the main verb.

Victor parle en dormant. Victor speaks while sleeping.
J’ai bu un café en t’attendant. I drank a coffee while waiting for you.

We form the gerund by using the nous stem of the verb in the present tense and adding -ant. This is preceded by the preposition en.

chanternous chantonsen chantant
to sing → we sing → while singing
finirnous finissonsen finissant
to finish → we finish → while finishing
voirnous voyonsen voyant
to see → we see → while seeing
prendrenous prenonsen prenant
to take → we take → while taking
boirenous buvonsen buvant
to drink → we drink → while drinking

Note: There are three verbs which have irregular present participles:
savoiren sachant
êtreen étant
avoiren ayant

En étant motivé, on peut apprendre le français en quelques mois.
By being motivated, you can learn French in a few months.

37
Q

Le plus-que-parfait

A

The plus-que-parfait

The plus-que-parfait is what’s known as a compound tense. It is formed with an auxiliary verb (the imperfect form of être or avoir) plus a past participle of the main verb.

Victor n’avait pas dormi. dormir, plus-que-parfait Victor hadn’t slept.
Muriel et Marcel étaient arrivés en avance. arriver, plus-que-parfait Muriel and Marcel had arrived early.

The plus-que-parfait is the equivalent of the past perfect or pluperfect tense in English (‘had + past participle’). We use it:

• For actions in the past which are completed (irreversibly)
Nous avions parlé de notre mission pour l’AIGF. parler, plus-que-parfait We had talked about our assignment for the AIGF.
Muriel avait travaillé toute la nuit. travailler, plus-que-parfait Muriel had worked all night long.

• For actions which occur before other past actions (those that use the passé composé, imperfect, or passé simple tenses)
Quand je me suis réveillée, Victor était déjà parti travailler. partir, plus-que-parfait When I woke up, Victor had already left for work.
Le jardin était inondé, il avait plu pendant une semaine. pleuvoir, plus-que-parfait The garden was flooded, it had rained for a week.

• For hypothetical situations in the past, when expressing wishes about the past.
Si j’avais eu une voiture, je serais allé beaucoup plus vite. avoir, plus-que-parfait If I’d had a car, I would have gone much faster.
Nous aurions pris l’ascenseur s’il n’avait pas été en panne. être, plus-que-parfait We would have taken the lift, if it hadn’t been out of order.

Note: To respect the correct sequence of tenses, we use the Si + past perfect → past conditional construction.

38
Q

Le subjonctif

A

The subjunctive

The subjunctive in French often follows the following types of verbs or expressions.

Verbs of feeling: aimer que, préférer que, être content / triste / heureux que, avoir peur que

Nous sommes contents que vous alliez dans notre pays. We’re happy that you are coming to our country.
J’ai peur qu’il ne vienne pas ce soir. I’m afraid that he won’t come this evening.

Verbs of necessity: il faut que, il est nécessaire/essentiel/important que

Il faut que tu sois à la réunion. You need to be at the meeting.
Il est essentiel que nous finissions ce projet. It’s essential that we finish this project.

• Verbs that express someone’s will, desire, wishes, vows and prayer: vouloir que, désirer que, souhaiter que, …

Je veux que mon mari fasse la cuisine. I want my husband to cook.
Je souhaite qu’elle revienne au plus vite. I want her to come back as quickly as possible.

We use the subjunctive after certain conjunctive phrases: avant que (before), bien que (although), à moins que (unless), quoique (although, even if, whatever), pour que (in order to/that, so that), etc.
Je reste ici à moins que tu partes. I’ll remain here unless you leave.
Qu’est-ce que je dois faire pour que tu comprennes? What do I have to do so that you understand?
Viens me voir avant que je parte en vacances. Come see me before I leave on holiday.

Note:
• The subjunctive tense is almost always preceded (and signalled) by que.
Je regrette qu’elle ne soit pas là. I’m sorry that she isn’t here.
• The verb espérer (to hope) is followed by a verb in the indicative.
J’espère que tu vas bien. I hope you’re well. (not j’espère que tu ailles bien.)