Grammar

Question 1

Grammar

Answer 1

1. The systematic study and description of a language (as compared with
   usage).
2. A set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures
   (morphology) of a language.

Question 2

Parts of Speech

Answer 2

Parts of speech are sentence elements that work together to make up a sentence.
Just as a car is not a functioning car without all of its synchronized parts working together, a sentence is not a functioning sentence without the correct usage and combination of its essential parts of speech. The difference is that not all basic sentence parts or parts of speech—have to be included all of the time to actually make up a complete and functioning sentence,
but its parts do have to work together accurately for a writer to convey his or her
intended ideas.

Question 3

Types of parts of speech

Answer 3

The basic parts of speech include: Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, and Article

Question 4

Noun

Answer 4

A noun is a word describing who or what in a sentence—it can be a person, place
or thing. Remember, a “thing” can be anything—an animal, a device, a point, an
object, an event, and so on.
A noun is usually an essential part of any basic sentence. It’s typically who or what
the sentence is about, but other nouns are often also included in longer or more
complex sentences

Question 5

Pronoun

Answer 5

A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. She… we… they… it
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A pronoun is usually substituted for a
specific noun, which is called its antecedent. In the sentence above, the antecedent for the pronoun she is the girl. Pronouns are further defined by type: personal pronouns refer to specific persons or things; possessive pronouns indicate ownership; reflexive pronouns are used to emphasize another noun or pronoun; relative pronouns introduce a subordinate
clause; and demonstrative pronouns identify, point to, or refer to nouns.

Question 6

Verb

Answer 6

A verb expresses action or being. jump… is… write… become. The verb in a sentence expresses action or being. There is a main verb and sometimes one or more helping verbs. (“She can sing.” Sing is the main verb; can
is the helping verb.) A verb must agree with its subject in number (both are singular or both are plural). Verbs also take different forms to express tense.

Question 7

Adjective

Answer 7

An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. pretty… old… blue… smart
An adjective is a word used to modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. It usually
answers the question of which one, what kind, or how many. (Articles [a, an, the] are usually classified as adjectives.)

Question 8

Adverbs

Answer 8

An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
gently… extremely… carefully… well
An adverb describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, but never
a noun. It usually answers the questions of when, where, how, why, under what
conditions, or to what degree. Adverbs often end in -ly

Question 9

Preposition

Answer 9

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying
another word in the sentence. by… with…. about… until (by the tree, with our
friends, about the book, until tomorrow)
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying
another word in the sentence. Therefore a preposition is always part of a prepositional
phrase. The prepositional phrase almost always functions as an adjective or as an
adverb. The following list includes the most common prepositions:

Question 10

Conjunction

Answer 10

A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. and… but… or… while… because
A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses, and indicates the relationship between
the elements joined. Coordinating conjunctions connect grammatically equal elements: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet. Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses that are not equal: because,
although, while, since, etc. There are other types of conjunctions as well.
The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
quickly disappeared. Oh my!

Question 11

Interjections

Answer 11

An interjection is a word used to express emotion. Oh!… Wow!… Oops!
An interjection is a word used to express emotion. It is often followed by an exclamation
point. The young girl brought me a very long letter from the teacher, and then she
quickly disappeared.

Question 12

Phrases

Answer 12

Phrases are groups of words that act as a part of speech but cannot stand alone as a sentence. The words in a phrase act together so that
the phrase itself functions as a single part of speech. For example, phrases can function as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. If you understand how different types of phrases function, you can avoid misplacing them or leaving them dangling in sentences.

Question 13

Clauses

Answer 13

Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predicate. Independent clauses express a complete thought and can stand alone as a
sentence. Subordinate clauses can act as parts of speech but depend on the rest of the
sentence to express a complete thought.

Question 14

What is a sentence

Answer 14

A sentence expresses a complete thought and contains a subject (a noun or
pronoun) and a predicate (a verb or verb phrase).

Question 15

Types of sentences

Answer 15

The four basic types of sentences—simple, compound, complex, and
compound‐complex—use phrases and clauses in varying degrees of
complexity

Question 16

Paragraphs

Answer 16

A paragraph develops ONE main idea through a series of related sentences.
This main idea is usually introduced in the first sentence of the paragraph, called the topic sentence. The idea is then developed further through the sentences that follow.
A paragraph is usually around 250 words and consists of five or six sentences, although this can vary depending on the purpose of the paragraph, and the length of the piece you are writing. Paragraphs play an important role in
writing because they provide a framework for organising your ideas in a logical order.

Question 17

Topic sentence

Answer 17

● Needs to state ONE idea clearly
● Useful Tip: Always put the most important information first

Question 18

Supporting sentence

Answer 18

Elaborates and explains the idea introduced in the topic sentence
● Provides evidence and examples
● Explains the evidence or example included - why is it relevant?

Question 19

Conclusion

Answer 19

Makes links: back to the main idea of the paragraph; back to research question or topic of the assignment

Question 20

When to start a new paragraph

Answer 20

Start new main points or new ideas in a new paragraph. If you have an
extended idea across multiple paragraphs, each new point within that idea
should have its own paragraph.
● Use a new paragraph to introduce a contrasting or different position. Use a clear
topic sentence to identify the main idea.
● If the paragraph becomes too long or the material is overly complex, you will
need to create a break to make your writing more readable. Try splitting long
paragraphs into two shorter paragraphs. This means you will need to write a
new topic sentence at the start of the new paragraph.
● Introductions and conclusions are usually written as separate paragraphs.

Question 21

Types of paragraphs

Answer 21

The type of paragraph you write will depend on a number of factors:
● The kind of writing you are producing. For example, paragraphs in a report tend
to have a different purpose to paragraphs in an essay.
● The position of the paragraph in a longer piece of writing. A body paragraph in
an essay has a different purpose to an introduction or conclusion.
● The logical order of the ideas and information in your writing. You may be
presenting an argument, organising facts,comparing and contrasting ideas,
defining a key concept, explaining the steps in a process, giving an example or
recounting a series of events.

Question 22

Logical order in a sentence

Answer 22

Organising the sentences in your paragraph according to a logical order helps
the reader to follow the development of your ideas
Some common kinds of logical order are:
● Chronological order
● Comparison/contrast
● Logical division of ideas
● Order of importance
● Cause and effect

For example in a paragraph using chronological order, you would use expressions of time: first, next, after that, finally, before the last
war, after 2010, since then,

Question 23

Contrast vs comparison

Answer 23

In a paragraph describing differences (contrast), you would use expressions like these: the most significant difference, larger than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, differ from. In a paragraph showing similarities (comparison), you would use expressions such as: similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like, compare with, in comparison Logical division of ideas simply means that ideas are grouped together, and each group is discussed accordingly. They may be introduced in order of importance, or in some other order that makes sense to the reader. You would use transition words such as firstly, secondly, thirdly to introduce each group.

Question 24

Cause and effect

Answer 24

A cause and effect paragraph uses transition words that express reasons and results,
such as: the first cause, the next reason, because of … the first effect, as a result,
therefore