Grammar

Question 1

How do you form the present tense?

Answer 1

Stem + o/s/t/mus/tis/nt

E.g Specto - I watch

Question 2

Form the imperfect

Answer 2

Imperfect - stem + ba + m/present endings e.g. spectabam- i was watching

Question 3

Form the perfect tense

Answer 3

Perfect - perfect stem + i/isti/it/imus/istis/erunt e.g. spectavi- i cooked/i have cooked

Question 4

Form the pluperfect

Answer 4

Pluperfect -perfect stem + era + imperfect endings e.g. spectaveram - i had cooked

Question 5

Form the future

Answer 5

Future - stem + b/bi/bu + present endings
for 1 and 2 declension e.g. spectabo- i will watch,
for 3 and 4 declension stem + a/e + imperfect endings e.g. scribam - i will write

Question 6

Form the present active infinitive

Answer 6

Present active - stem + 1-are, 2-ere, 3-ere, 4-ire, 5-ere e.g. audire - to hear

Question 7

Form the perfect active infinitive

Answer 7

Perfect active - perfect stem + isse e.g. audivisse - to have heard

Question 8

Form the future active infinitive

Answer 8

Future active - future participle ‘ur’ + esse e.g. auditurus esse - to be about to hear

Question 9

Form the present passive infinitive

Answer 9

Present passive - stem + 1-ari, 2-eri, 3-i, 4-iri, 5-i e.g. audiri - to be heard

Question 10

Form the perfect passive infinitive

Answer 10

Perfect passive - past participle + esse e.g. auditus esse - to have been heard

Question 11

Perfect active participles

Answer 11

perfect active Participles (PAP) - translated as having somethinged, only relevant to certain verbs that you need to learn, look like ppps and have to agree (KNG) just like them e.g. conspicatus - having caught sight of

Question 12

Form the present participle

Answer 12

Present particle (pp) - translates as doing, has an nt/ns in between stem and endings which are like senator, include all words e.g. portans/portantem - carrying

Question 13

Form the perfect passive participles

Answer 13

perfect passive Participles (PPP) - translates as having been done, relevant to all verbs that don’t form PAPs, CNG agreement after stem ( like adjective endings) e.g. portatus - having been carried

Question 14

Form the future active participle

Answer 14

Future active Participle (FP) - translates as about to, relevant to all verbs, perfect passive participle (- ending) + ur + ending ( like bonus) e.g. portaturus - about to carry EXTRA is used with esse to mean was ( or other tense ) going to …

Question 15

Form the imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive

Answer 15

Pluperfect subjunctive - translates as had …. , perfect stem + isse + normal present verb endings, e.g. portavissem - I had come

Imperfect subjunctive - translates as were/was doing, infinitive + endings of present verbs, e.g. portarem - I was carrying

Question 16

Form indirect statements

Answer 16

Indirect statements - verb of perception + subject of original statement in accusative + verb of the original sentence in infinitive translate as verbofperceptioninappropriatetense that infinitiveinappropiatetense(relativetoverbofperception) to decide on the tense of the infinitive first look at vop then… If it is a present infinitive translate as the same tense as vop if it is a future infinitive translate so that it takes place after the main verb if it is a past infinitive translate so that it takes place before the main verb (refer to timeline)

Question 17

Form ablative absolutes

Answer 17

Ablative absolutes - noun in ablative + participle ( or noun or adjective) in agreement The model translation can often be altered and improved With the present participle translate as while something was happening e.g. Rege vivente - while the king was alive With the perfect passive participle translate as with something having been done e.g. urbe capta - With the city having been captured With a deponent participle translate as with something having happens e.g. magistro egresso- With the teacher having gone out

Question 18

Form the present, perfect, imperfect, pluperfect and future passive

Answer 18

Present passive - endings r,ris,tur,mur,mini,ntur - translates as e.g spector I am (being) watched
Imperfect passive - ba ( like in active) + present passive endings e.g. spectabar - I was being watched
Perfect passive - perfect participle (KNG) + present tense of esse, e.g. specatus sum - I was watched
Pluperfect passive - perfect participle (KNG) + imperfect tense of esse, e.g. spectatus eram - I had been watched
Future passive - stem + bo/be/bi/bu+ present passive endings for 1 and 2 declension e.g. spectabor - i will be watched, for 3 and 4 declension use stem + a/e + present passive endings e.g. audiar - i will be heard

Question 19

Form the gerundive

Answer 19

Gerundives - have nd in them, e.g. portandus - is to be carried, translates as is to be …, BUT if dative + est + gerundive with endum/andum translate as must

Question 20

Form the deponent verbs

Answer 20

Deponent verbs - only relevant to some verbs, look like passive verbs by are active and never have a passive meaning, are translated like the normal active version e.g.conari - to try or Conoris - trying or conabar - I was trying or conatus sum - tried or conatus eram - I had been trying

Question 21

Form the 13 deponent verbs we need to know

Answer 21

Conor, conari, conatus sum - try
Egredior, egredi, egressus sum - go out
Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum - encourage, urge
Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum - enter
Loquor, loqui, locutus sum - speak, talk
Miror, mirari, miratus sum - wonder at, admire
Morior, mori, mortuus sum - die
Patior, pati, passus sum - suffer
Profiscor, proficisci, profectus sum - set out
Progredior, progredi, progressus sum - advance
Regredior, regredi, regressus sum - return, go back
Sequor, sequi, secutus sum - follow
Videor, videri, visus sum - seem, appear

Question 22

How to form indirect questions

Answer 22

indirect questions - verb + question verb + subjunctive ( any tense ) - translate subjunctive directly ( if imperfect translate like that )

Question 23

How to form indirect commands

Answer 23

Indirect commands - ut + subjunctive + ordering words, translate as the … (ordered) … to….

Question 24

How to form result clauses

Answer 24

Result clauses - ut + introductory word such as tantus + imperfect subjunctive, translate as … that …

Question 25

How to form purpose clauses in 3 ways:

Answer 25

Purpose clauses - ut/ne with imperfect subjunctive - translates as in order to … or in order not to …
Purpose clauses with relative pronoun - relative pronoun + subjunctive - translate as to…. or other e.g. with which (depends on cases)
Purpose clauses with ubi - ubi + subjunctive - translate as where ….