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Anatomy & Physiology 207 > Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone > Flashcards

Gross and Microscopic Anatomy of the Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal Cartilage

A
  • primary water, does not contain nerves or blood vessels
  • surrounded by a layer of dense irregular tissue: the perichondrium
  • basic components: chondrocytes and extracellular matrix
  • 3 types (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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2
Q

Hyaline

A
  • most abundant
  • provides support, flexibility, resistance
  • contains spherical chondrocytes + collagen fibers
  • ex: articular (joint) surfaces, costal (ribs), larynx, trachea, nose
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3
Q

Elastic

A

similar to hyaline but w more elastic fibers
- ex: external ear, epiglottis

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4
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • contains thick collagen fibers
  • highly compressible, great tensile strength
  • ex: menisci of the knee, intervertebral discs
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5
Q

Chondrocytes

A

cartilage forming cells

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6
Q

Cartilage growth

A

2 main types:
- appositional
- interstitial
Calcification (hardening) of the cartilage occurs during normal bone growth. it can also occur in older age
- calcified cartilage is NOT the same as bone

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7
Q

Appositional growth

A

chondrocytes in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

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8
Q

Interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes within lacunae divide and secrete new matrix - cartilage grows from within

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9
Q

Support

A

for body and soft organs

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10
Q

Protection

A

protect brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

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11
Q

Movement

A

provide levers for muscle action

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12
Q

Mineral + growth factor storage

A

calcium + phosphorus + growth factor are stored / released as needed

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13
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

(blood cell formation) occurs within red bone marrow

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14
Q

Triglyceride / fat storage

A

yellow marrow in some bone cavities

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15
Q

Hormone production

A

osteocalcin is secreted by bones to help regulate glucose levels / insulin secretion

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16
Q

Classification of Bone

A
  • 206 bones total
  • individual bone shape is determined by function
  • axial vs appendicular skeleton
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17
Q

Bone Structure

A

because bones are organs, they contain multiple types of tissue:
- osseous connective tissue (most abundant)
- cartilage
- dense connective tissue
- nervous tissue
- muscle tissue
- epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Anatomy of bones

A
  • compact bone sandwiching spongy bone
  • open spaces between trabeculae are filled with red or yellow bone marrow
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19
Q

Spongy bone (trabecular bone)

A

a honeycomb of small, needle-like, or flat pieces of bone called trabeculae (“little beams”)

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20
Q

Gross anatomy: short, irregular, and flat bones

A
  • contain thin plates of spongy bone (diploe) sandwiched between compact bone
  • compact bone is sandwiched between connective tissue membranes (periosteum & endosteum)
  • bone marrow is scattered throughout the trabeculae - no defined marrow cavity
  • hylaine cartilage covers the areas involved in movable joints
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21
Q

Periosteum

A

covers the outside of compact bone

22
Q

Endosteum

A

covers the inside of compact bone

23
Q

Gross anatomy: typical long bone

A
  • Diaphysis: tubular shaft, forms the long bone’s long axis
  • Epiphyses: ends of long bone
  • Epiphyseal line: between diaphysis and epiphyses, remnant of epiphyseal (growth plate) - where bone growth occurred
24
Q

Diaphysis

A
  • thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity - filled with yellow marrow
  • there is often a thin layer of spongy bone between the compact bone and the cavity
25
Q

Epiphyses

A
  • consists of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
  • the ends of a long bone are covered in hyaline cartilage
26
Q

Periosteum

A

white, double layered membrane; covers all external surfaces except for joint surfaces; acts as anchoring point for tendons / ligaments
- fibrous layer: outer layer made of dense irregular tissue; secured to bone matrix by perforating fibers
- osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone; contains osteogenic stems calls that give rise to most bone cells

27
Q

Endosteum

A

delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal bone surface
- covers the trabeculae of spongy bone
- line the canals that pass through compact bone
- also contains osteogenic cells with the ability to differentiate into other bone cells

28
Q

Blood vessels and nerves

A
  • bones are well vascularized
  • nutrient arteries and veins run through a hole in the wall of the diaphysis, the nutrient forament
  • nutrient arteries supply the spongy bone and bone marrow; branches extend outward to supply the compact bone
  • epiphyseal arteries and veins similarly supply the epiphysis
29
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Red marrow: hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue
- in newborns, medullary cavities and all spongy bone contain red marrow
- in adults, red marrow exists in the heads of the femur and the humerus, the flat bones, and the irregular bones
- most active areas of hematopoiesis are the diploe of the flat bones and some irregular bones
- yellow marrow can convert to red marrow in the setting of severe anemia

30
Q

Bone markings

A
  • sites of muscle, ligament, and tendon attachment on the external surfaces of bones
  • sites involved in joint formation
  • conduits for blood vessels and nerves
    3 major types:
  • projections
  • depressions
  • openings
31
Q

Projection

A

outward bulge of bone; may result from increased stress from muscle pull or as a modification for joints

32
Q

Depression

A

bowl or groove-like cut out; can serve as a passageway for vessels or nerves; plays a role in joints

33
Q

Opening

A

hole or canal in bone; serves as passageway for blood vessels or nerves

34
Q

Cells of bone tissue

A

5 major types:
- osteoprogenitor cells
- osteoblasts
- osteocytes
- bone-lining cells
- osteoclasts

the presence of cells is what makes a bone a dynamic living tissue w the ability to remodel

35
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells (osteogenic cells)

A
  • mitotically active stem cells in the periosteum and endosteum
  • can differentiate into osteoblasts when stimulated
  • others will remain osteogenic cells
36
Q

Osteoblasts

A
  • mitotically active bone-forming cells; secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
  • osteoid is made of collagen and calcium-binding proteins
  • when osteoblasts become surrounded by the matrix being secreted, the become osteocytes
37
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • spider-like in appearance
  • mature bone cells in lacunae, no longer actively dividing
  • maintain bone matrix; act as stress/strain receptors
  • respond to mechanical stimuli + changing calcium levels by communicating to osteoblasts / osteoclasts
38
Q

Bone-lining cells

A
  • flat cells on bone surfaces, believed to jekp maintain matrix (w osteocytes)
  • called periosteal cells on the external bone surface and endosteal cells on the internal bone surface
39
Q

Osteoclasts

A
  • derived from the same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
  • giant, multinucleate cells that function in bone resorption (breakdown)
  • ruffed edges to increase surface area
  • when active, located in depressions called resortption bays
40
Q

Microscopic anatomy of the bone

A

Compact bone
- osteon (haverian system)
- canals and canaliciuli
- interstitial and circumferential lamellae
Spongy bone

41
Q

Osteon (haverian system)

A
  • the stuctural unit of compact bone
  • elongated cylinders running parallel to the long axis of the bone - act as weight-bearing pillars
  • each cylinder consists of rings of bone matrix called lamellae
  • each lamella contains collagen fibers-fibers run in different directions in adjacent rings
  • cone salts are found between collagen fibers - also alternate their directions between lamellae
42
Q

Central (haversian) canal

A

runs through the core of the osteon - contains blood vessels and nerves

43
Q

Perforating (volkmann’s) canals

A

canals lined with endosteum, occur at right angles to the central canal - connect blood vessels and nerves of the periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal

44
Q

Lacunae

A

small cavities containing osteocytes, occur at the junctions of the lamellae

45
Q

Canaliculi

A

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to the central canal

46
Q

Formation of canaliculi

A
  • as osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, they become trapped within and become osteocytes
  • tentacles of spidery osteocytes maintain their connections w each other as bone hardens
  • a network of tiny canals containing the osteocyte extensions is created
  • canaliculi tie all the osteocytes in a mature osteon together and allow communication + passage of nutrients & waste
47
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A
  • incomplete lamellae that lie between complete osteons
  • either fill the gaps between forming osteons or are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling
48
Q

Circumferential lamellae

A
  • deep to the periosteum but superficial to the endosteum, extend around the entire surface of the diaphysis
  • resist the long bone twisting
49
Q

Spongy bone anatomy

A
  • appears poorly organized, but isn’t
  • trabeculae are organized along the lines of stress
  • no osteons are present
  • irregularly arranged lamellae and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi are present
  • supplied with nutrients by the capillaries in the endosteum
50
Q

Chemical composition of bone

A

Organic components
- bone cells and osteoid (ground substance + collagen fibers)
- present to resist tension / stretch
Inorganic Components
- Hydroxyapatites (mineral salts)
- make up 65% of bone by mass
- mainly tiny calcium phosphate crystals
- present to create hardness and resist compression

Anatomy & Physiology 207 (44 decks)

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