Growth, Development & Aging

Question 1

List the 3 classifications of disease.

Answer 1

1) congenital
2) acquired
3) multifactorial

Question 2

Define congenital disease.

Answer 2

A disease present at birth.

Question 3

List the 3 classifications of congenital disease.

Answer 3

1) genetic - spontaneous or inherited

2) non-genetic

Question 4

Give an example of inherited genetic congenital disease.

Answer 4

Cystic fibrosis.

Question 5

Give an example of spontaneous genetic congenital disease.

Answer 5

Down’s syndrome.

Question 6

Give an example of non-genetic congenital disease.

Answer 6

Foetal alcohol syndrome.

Question 7

Give an example of acquired disease.

Answer 7

Tuberculosis.

Question 8

Give an example of multifactorial disease.

Answer 8

Cleft palate.

Question 9

Define hypertrophy.

Answer 9

Increase in tissue size due to increase in cell size.

Question 10

Define hyperplasia.

Answer 10

Increase in tissue size due to increase in cell number.

Question 11

Define atrophy.

Answer 11

Decrease in tissue size due to a decrease in cell size and/or number.

Question 12

Define metaplasia.

Answer 12

Change in differentiation of a cell from one fully differentiated cell type to another fully differentiated cell type.

Question 13

Define dysplasia.

Answer 13

Morphological changes seen in cells developing into cancers. An imprecise term.

Question 14

Give an example of hypertrophy.

Answer 14

Muscle hypertrophy by athletes.

Question 15

Give an example of hyperplasia.

Answer 15

Hyperplasia of bone marrow cells that produce RBCs.

Question 16

Give 2 examples of atrophy.

Answer 16

1) natural regression of Wolffian or Müllerian ducts in development of genitourinary tract
2) disease, muscle atrophy due to loss of innervation

Question 17

Give an example of metaplasia.

Answer 17

Ciliated respiratory epithelium —> squamous epithelium in trachea and bronchi of smokers.

Question 18

Why does a cell’s ability to divide decreases as you get older?

Answer 18

Telomeric shortening.

Question 19

Define telomeres.

Answer 19

Randomly repetitive, non-coding DNA sequence at the tip of each chromosome.

Question 20

Explain telomeric shortening.

Answer 20

1) during DNA synthesis telomeric sequences are not fully copied
2) with each cell division telomeres shorten
3) eventually telomeres become so short that DNA polymerase is unable to engage
4) cell is incapable of any further replication

Question 21

List 7 conditions due to the pathology of aging.

Answer 21

1) sarcopaenia
2) deafness
3) senile dementia
4) cataracts
5) osteoporosis
6) dermal elastosis - wrinkling
7) impaired immunity