Growth of Industry Flashcards
What was Britains biggest interest in China following the opium wars
Controlling Chinas waterways/river systems to inject trade deeper into china
How did Britain infiltrate Chinese rivers
New technologies of naval steam powered war ships
What were the prior methods of navigating chinese rivers
Junks and Sampans
What happened to rural artisan based economies in china after British penetration of the rivers
Britain were selling cheaper better manufactured goods putting locals out of business, also getting many locals addicted to opium
How many European steamship companies in china by 1881
7, they all became very profitable sailing between treaty ports and cities along the Yangtze River
China Merchants Steam Navigation Company when and what
1872, attempted to emulate European traders but was unsuccessful as it sailed less profitable routes as well as was subject to too much government official control
What was the first major western economic advance into china
Steamships
How many ships did the china merchant steam company have by 1877
33
How did the china merchant steam navigation company fail
Most the ships were old and needed repair, corruption as officials stole government subsidies, lack of profits due to European dominance, railway emergence
Which country enforced gunboats along the Yangtze River to protect merchant ships and enforce influence
USA
How much dominance did European powers have over chinese waterways
Complete dominance bar a few peasant uprisings
When did European dominance of chinese waterways end
Japanese invasion in 1937 bombed European warships and commercial ships and put restrictions on their navigation, many European war ships were recalled preceding WW2
When and where was the first stretch of railway in china
1876, Baoshan
What was local chinese reaction to the first railway built by British and the Qing reaction
Expressed anger of laying tracks due to disrupting Feng shui, Qing purchased it and dismantled it showing the anti-modernisation feelings in china
How many miles of track were laid in 1881 due to the growth of steamships
50 miles
Why were the Qing for and against railways
for - they recognised the value of being able to quickly transport troops
against - It was a technology that upset confucian order as it was far superior to any chinese tech
What did developing railways help europeans to do
Penetrate tarde deeper into chinese territory an spread christian missionary work into china
Who established the eastern end of the trans Siberian railway and when
1890, Tsar Nicholas, wasn’t Tsar at this time
When did Russia gain permission to build the trans Siberian railway through Manchuria and build railway lines linking Port Arthur
1897
When did Russia lose large parts of its Manchurian railway
War with Japan in 1904
When was railway building in china at its height
During the scramble for china as europeans powers were desperately trying to increase their influence over one another, railway race
Where did France and Britain build railways
Britain had a railway in the Yangtze valley and France connected Indochina to southern china
How many miles of track were built by China between 1900-1910
120 miles compared to 9000 miles in the whole country
How did Railway help modernise china in the early 1900s
Started moving peasants into cities as they could move so easily now
What did the Qing hope for railways in the early 1900s
That they could split control between many different countries
What was the first Railway protection movement
1904, Chinese gentry and businessmen tried to undermine the Franco Russian railway, by laying the track themselves to own the railway
Why was the first railway protection movement significant
Showed a politically aware middle class in china who were focused on solving the countries problems, china recognised importance of railways, a growing chinese nationalism
Rights recovery Movement
Organisations that developed to return foreign owned railway to chinese control, mostly financially motivated by businessmen who owned shares in chinese railway companies
When did the Qing government allow a network of small rail lines to develop funded by the chinese population and was it successful
1904, track was barely lain due to corruption so government got foreign powers to help lay the track, so wasn’t successful
What did the Qing do with railway rights in early 1900s and what did this cause
Sold them to foreign powers, railway protection moevemnt
Railway Protection Movement when and what
1911, anti-Qing group which was part of the protest that caused the Qing disposition in 1911
How many miles of railway did Sun Yatsen plan and what price
160,000 miles of track for $3 billion
What was Sun Yatsens problem with his planned railway
China was bankrupt in the 1910s and foreign investment was scarce due to the politically instability and civil war
What was different about Suns motivation for building railway
His motivation was political whereas past motivation had always been financial or economic growth
What were the problems with Sun Yatsens railway plans
- Ignored many large heavily populated inland areas
- Avoided economically important trad routes
- Only sought to connect major cities
- Plans drawn on a map were drawn on mountains
What was significant about sun yatsens railway plans
His maps had large influence on communist railway plans
How many miles of railway did Chiang inherit in 1928
5,237 miles, less than Britain in 1850
What happened to railway development in the warlord era
Hindered heavily as many railways were detroyed in wars, and Warlord would loot railway companies for their wealth
What was the GMD railway plan in 1945, five year construction plan
8,317 miles of militarily strategic railway , impossible target
What was the CCP target for railway after they came into power
700 miles per year for the next 15 years
What was the problem with CCP railway building
- Took labour away from agriculture
- Unskilled labour and poor quality steel
What was the big issue with CCP railways network
Existing track system was too small and the rate of track being built was much slower than economic activity, causing huge food shortages
Third front effect for railways
Third front was mass industrialisation in western china after Sino soviet split, 60% of new railways were built in western china
How successful was the third front railway developments
Connected remote parts of western china to the east, bringing widespread insustrialisation in china. However resources used to build it would’ve been more effective at developing more economically developed eastern china
