Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Path 4 > GU > Flashcards

GU Flashcards

1
Q

acute cystitis

A

usually G- rods, more common in women
sx: frequency, abd pain, dysuria
can also be tuberculous, candida, viral, chlamydia
radiation or hemorrhagic (cyclophosphamide, adenovirus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

chronic interstitial cystitis

A

persistent and painful, no evidence of bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

malakoplakia

A

yellow raised mucosal plaques in bladder, MFs with Ca++ in lysosomes (Michaelis-Gutmann bodies)
d/t chronic bacterial infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bladder neoplasm epi and etiology

A

50-80 yo, M>F
smoking*, drugs (analgesics, cyclophosphamide), pelvic irradiation, shistosomiasis, chronic cystitis, aromatic amines (15-40 yr latency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bladder neoplasm clinical

A 
painless hematuria (80-90%)
less frequent: dysuria, inc frequency, pyelonephritis, hydronephrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

bladder neoplasm course

A

75% superficial, 20% invasive, 5% mets at presentation

60% single, but many are multifocal and recur after surgery frequently (50-70% in 5 yr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bladder neoplasms: types

A 
urothelial/ TCC - 90%
squamous cell carc
mixed carc
adenocarcinoma
small cell carc
sarcoma (rhabdomyosarcoma)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

urinary bladder papilloma histo

A

~normal urothelium,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) histo

A

thicker than papilloma, no or rare mitoses
polarity maintained
recurrence risk 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

papillary urothelial carcinoma, low grade histo

A

minimally disorganized densely packed cells with mild-mod atypia
polarity lost, infrequent mitoses, may have loss of umbrella cells, may invade
recurrence risk 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

papillary urothelial carcinoma, high grade histo

A

markedly disorganized with loss of polarity and marked atypia
frequent mitoses, discohesion, loss of umbrella cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bladder carcinoma in situ gross and histo

A

asymptomatic; hyperemic mucosa, frequently multifocal
discohesive cells with atypia confined to mucosa = high grade
50% invade in 5 years if untreated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bladder neoplasm: genetics

A 
chr 9 monosomy or deletion: in 30-60% papillary tumors, rare in CIS
17p deletion (p53) and 13q deletion (Rb): a/w inc recurrence rates and progression
*p53 alteration may confer chemoresistance, may respond better to cisplatin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bladder squamous cell carc epi, cause, prognosis

A

uncommon in US, 5%
M>F
a/w chronic Schistosoma haematobium
worse prognosis than urothelial carc (25% 5 yr survival)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

bladder adenocarcinoma cause and prognosis

A 
often of urachal or metaplastic origin
poor prognosis (20-40% 5 yr survival), signet ring is highly malignant variant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

bladder small cell carcinoma prognosis

A

very poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prostate hyperplasia: incidence, clinical, complications

A

m/c non-neoplastic growth in males: 20% by 40s, 90% by 90
sx: frequency, nocturia, diff start/stop, dribble, dysuria
may cause bladder distention, hypertrophy, cystitis, hydronephrosis, pyelonephritis, renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

BPH etiology and pathogenesis

A

DHT -> autocrine growth of stromal cells and paracrine growth epithelial cells
tends to involve periurethral and transitional zones
*not premalignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

BPH gross and histo

A

noduler, 60-100 g prostate
may compress urethra, may have focal infarction and squamous metaplasia
glands have sawtooth appearance, nuclei lack nucleoli (seen in carcinoma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

prostate cancer epi

A

m/c male cancer, 2nd m/c COD d/t cancer in men

highest risk: AA, uncommon in Asians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prostate cancer etiology

A

environmental, androgens, familial, genetics or mutation (TPRSS2-ETS gene fusion: androgen regulator binds TF, interferes with epithelial differentiation)

22
Q

prostate cancer clinical

A

suspicious nodule on DRE
dysuria, frequency, hesitancy, hematuria, pain (perineural or bone mets)
*most are silent or incidental finding

23
Q

prostate cancer and PSA testing

A

PSA >4
BPH is m/c cause elevated PSA, but complexed PSA more common in cancer
PSA helpful in assessing response to therapy

24
Q

prostate cancer: location

A

75% peripheral zone
15% central zone
5% transitional zone

25
Q

prostate cancer: gross and histo

A

70% subcapsular, posterior peripheral zone

histo: 98% adenocarcinoma, small acini, prominent nucleoli, no basal layer; perineural invasion common

26
Q

prostate cancer: spread

A

locally to urethra, seminal vesicles, bladder base; rarely to rectum
regional to LNs
mainly to bones (85% of deaths), blastic in 80%, lytic in 5%, mixed in 15%

27
Q

prostate cancer: tx

A

localized surgery and radiotherapy (90% 15 yr survival)

advanced dz: hormone therapy

28
Q

cryptorchidism

A

1% 1-yo
atrophic, fibrotic, a/w infertility
inc risk cancer

29
Q

orchitis

A

related to UTI, chlamydia, gonorrhea, E coli, mumps, TB, syphilis, autoimmune (granulomatous)

30
Q

torsion

A

twisting of spermatic cord cuts of venous drainage -> infarction
loss of cremasteric reflex

31
Q

testicular tumors: incidence and classification

A

m/c male tumor in 15-34 yo, 10% cancer deaths in this age group
5x more common in white and 40x in military
germ cell tumors (90-95%) and sex-cord stromal tumors

32
Q

testicular tumors: clinical

A

painless enlargement of testis or swelling and pain

if sx suggest orchitis or torsion, treat accordingly. If no response, radical inguinal orchiectomy

33
Q

testicular tumors: biologic markers

A

HCG - syncytiotrophoblast, as in choriocarcinoma or some seminomas
AFP - yolk-sac tumor
LDH - nonspecific, elevated in advanced dz

34
Q

testicular tumor staging

A

1 - confined to scrotal components
2 - retroperitoneal nodes below diaphragm
3 - outside retroperitoneal nodes or visceral mets above diaphragm
seminoma often stage 1, very radiosensitive
non-seminoma germ cell tumor often 2-3, not radiosensitive (need chemo)

35
Q

testicular tumor risk factors

A

crpytochidism (higher location = higher cancer risk)
testicular dysgenesis (Kilnefelter’s, testicular feminization)
genetics - racial (rare in blacks), familial clustering
cancer in contralateral testis

36
Q

testicular tumor histo

A

pre-neoplastic intra-tubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) m/c
ITGCN: atypical clear cells w hyperchromatic nuclei lining seminiferous tubules
invasion in ~5 years
inc copies chr 12p

37
Q

seminoma epi and tx

A

m/c GC tumor (40-50%), in 30-50 yo
15% produce HCG
highly curable and radiosensitive

38
Q

seminoma histo

A

sheets of uniform cells with stromal lymphos or MFs, no somatic differentiation
poorly demarcated lobules w large homogenous cells w distinct cytoplasmic borders, large nucleus, distinct nucleolus
PLAP+ and CD117+

39
Q

embryonal carcinoma epi and tx

A

25-35 yo
2-3% GC tumors
70% have AFP, 60% have HCG
orchiectomy or chemo, excellent prognosis

40
Q

embryonal carcinoma gross and histo

A

variegated appearance grossly

pleomorphic cells in cords, glands, or sheets, embryoid bodies

41
Q

yolk sac tumor epi and histo

A

m/c testicular tumor in kids (82%), under 8 and 17-40 yo
all have elevated AFP
anastomosing glands (reticular pattern), 50% have endodermal sinuses (Schiller-Duval bodies)

42
Q

choriocarcinoma clinical and prognosis

A

components seen in 10% of testicular tumors
high HCG
usually presents w mets, aggressive and highly malignant
prognosis worse than other NSGCTs

43
Q

choriocarcinoma gross and histo

A

nests and sheets of both cyto- and syncytio-trophoblasts, hemorrhagic and friable tumor

44
Q

teratoma epi and prognosis

A

2nd m/c pediatric GC tumor, rare in adults if pure but elements in 50% mixed GC tumors
prog: 30% adults die, curable if before puberty; all post-pubertal testicular teratomas considered malignant

45
Q

teratoma types, signs, histo

A

mature, dermoid cyst (benign), immature, w malignant transformation (non-GC)
may be positive: AFP, CEA, PLAP
up to 1/3 metastasize
glandular, squamous, cartilage

46
Q

mixed GC tumor epi, types, enzymes

A

50-60% of testis GCT
m/c: teratoma, embryonal, yolk sac, seminoma
hCG, AFP, CEA elevations

47
Q

Leydig (interstitial) cell tumor

A

2-3% testicular neoplasms, all ages
may produce androgens or estrogens (precocious puberty or gynecomastia)
nests, sheets of Leydig cells with Reinke crystals (25%)
metastases = lethal tumor

48
Q

condyloma accuminata

A

HPV 6, 11 - benign

49
Q

Bowen’s disease

A

HPV 16, 18 - scaly plaque of penis shaft -> in situ squamous cell carc, may invade
a/w visceral cancer (e.g. colon)

50
Q

Bowenoid papulosis

A

HPV 16, 18 - multiple penile in situ squamous cell carcinomas that do not invade and may regress

51
Q

penile squamous cell carcinoma

A

less than 1% male cancers

a/w HPV 16, 18

Path 4 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions