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[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology > Haemostasis > Flashcards

Haemostasis Flashcards

1
Q

define haemostasis

A

the cessation of bleeding

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2
Q

define haemorrhage

A

the excessive flow of blood

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3
Q

what would happen in the abscence of the haemostasis system?

A

we would haemorrhage from quite minor injuries

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4
Q

what surrounds blood vessels?

A

a layer of connective tissue

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5
Q

what is between the endothelium and smooth muscle?

A

a layer of subendothelium collagen (connective tissue)

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6
Q

what is the diameter of a capillary?

A

5µm

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7
Q

what is the diameter of a coronary artery?

A

2-4mm

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8
Q

what are the 5 steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. vessel spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. coagulation
  4. clot retraction
  5. fibrinolysis
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9
Q

what is the physiology of normal haemostasis?

A
  • An injury to the vessel wall exposes the subendothelium which includes collagens (long polypeptides).
  • When the circulating platelets come into contact with the collagens, they become activated and form a platelet plug.
  • Coagulation is the process where fibrin (stringy stuff) is formed to bind all the cells together into a more stable clot
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10
Q

what is another name for vessel spasm?

A

vasoconstriction

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11
Q

what 2 things does direct smooth muscle cell damage lead to?

A
  • triggers pain receptors
  • reflex vasoconstriction
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12
Q

how do platelets detect activating molecules?

A

using a protein molecules on their surface called receptors

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13
Q

what do the the receptors do to activate the platelets?

A

transmit a ‘signal’ to the inside of the cell

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14
Q

what are the 2 strong agonist?

A

-collagen
-thrombin

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15
Q

what is the intermediate agonist?

A

thromboxane A2

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16
Q

name 1 weak agonist

A

ADP

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17
Q

what are the 4 steps of platelet plug formation?

A
  1. Adhesion
  2. Activation
  3. Secretion
  4. Aggregation
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18
Q

what poduces chemical to keep platelets “quiet”?

A

healthy endothelium

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19
Q

what is vWF?

A

von Willebrand factor (clotting protein)

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20
Q

what chemicals are produced to keep platelets “quiet”?

A

PGI2 (prostacyclin)
No (nitric acid)

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21
Q

why is negative regulation of a system important?

A

If activation and inhibition aren’t balanced the system will be inappropriately stimulated / understimulated.

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22
Q

what is the function of PECAM-1?

A

it is an inhibitory receptor found on the surface of platelets that also helps maintain platelets in a quiescent state

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23
Q

what is coagulation?

A

the process in which fluid blood is converteed into a gelatinous clot

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24
Q

what is the main function of coagulation?

A

converts the platelet plug into a more stable clot

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25
Q

what 2 things get trapped in the fibrin clot?

A

RBCs and platelets

26
Q

what is fibrin?

A
  • stringy stuff in scabs
  • protein
  • forms in long polymers
27
Q

what is thrombin?

A
  • an enzyme (protease: cuts proteins)
28
Q

what are the 2 pathways lead to the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin?

A
  • intrinsic pathway: everything necessary is in the blood
  • extrensic pathway: cellular element required
29
Q

explain the intrinsic pathway of the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

A
  • stimulated on contact of blood with collagen/charged surfaces
  • platelets also activated by exposed collagen and release phospholipids d
30
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway activated by?

A

trauma, burns, gram-neg sepsis, hypoxia, acidosis, shock, vasculitis

31
Q

explain the extrinsic pathway of the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

A
  • stimulated by tissue thromboplastin
  • damaged tissue releases tissue thomboplastin / tissue factor (not a plasma protein)
32
Q

what activates the extrinsic pathway?

A

trauma, obstetric complications, complicationos of cancer

33
Q

what are the 3 types of clotting factors?

A

-mostly prteins
-enzymes
-cofactors

34
Q

what is an enzyme cascade?

A

one activated clotting factor activates another clotting factor

35
Q

define cofactors

A

a substance (such as a metallic ion or a coenzyme) that must be associated with an enzyme to function

36
Q

how do cofactors work?

A

by chaging the shape of an enzyme or by actually participating in the enzymatic reaction

37
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of fibrinogen?

A

number: I
function: converted to fibrin
pathway: common

38
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of prothrombin?

A

number: II
function: enzyme
pathway: common

39
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of tissue thromboplastin/factor?

A

number: III
function: cofactor
pathway: extrinsic

40
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of calcium ions (Ca2+)?

A

number: IV
function: cofactor
pathway: com./intr/extr

41
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of proaccelerin?

A

number: V
function: cofactor
pathway: common

42
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of proconvertin?

A

number: VII
function: enzyme
pathway: extrinsic

43
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of antihaemophilic factor?

A

number: VIII
function: cofactor
pathway: intrisic

44
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of plasma thrombolplastin component (christmas factor)?

A

number: IX
function: enzyme
pathway: intrinsic

45
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of stuart-prower factor?

A

number: X
function: enzyme
pathway: common

46
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of plasma thrombopastin antecendent?

A

number: XI
function: enzyme
pathway: intrinsic

47
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of hageman factor?

A

number: XII
function: enzyme
pathway: intrinsic

48
Q

what is the number, function and pathway of fibrin stabilising factor?

A

number: XIII
function: enzyme
pathway: common

49
Q

how were the coagulation factors numbered?

A

numbered in the order of discovery (not the order they work in)

50
Q

what are common pathways?

A

where intrinsic and extrinsic pathways meet

51
Q

what is responsible for clot retraction?

A

platelets

52
Q

in what time span does the clot retract?

A

within 20-60 minutes

53
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

clot dissolution

54
Q

what activates plasminogens?

A

thrombin

55
Q

once activated what does plasminogen become?

A

plasmin

56
Q

what is the function of plasmin?

A

dissolve fibrin threads

57
Q

what organ clears the fibrin split products?

A

liver

58
Q

what causes thrombosis?

A

inappropriate activation of platelets OR coagulation

59
Q

what is haemophilia?

A

a bleeding disorder where one of the clotting factors is missing

60
Q

what is Glanszmann’s thrombasthenia?

A

a bleeding disorder where the platelets like the fibrinogen receptors (i.e. platelet plug formation)

61
Q
A

[Y1] Anatomy and Physiology (23 decks)

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