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Phase 2 - Haemotology COPY > Haemotology Conditions A > Flashcards

Haemotology Conditions A Flashcards

1
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (High Grade) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) radiotherapy

| 2) ABVD chemotherapy long course</p>

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2
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Signs (3)</p>

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Signs (3)</p>

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Signs (6)</p>

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Signs (6)</p>

A

<p>1) lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes abnormal in size, consistency, number)

2) hepatomegaly
3) splenomegaly</p>

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3
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Management (3)</p>

A

<p>1) treat underlying cause

2) folic acid with B12 supplements (4 months)
3) prophylactic folic acid (pregnancy —> prevents anaemia and spina bifida)</p>

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4
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Signs (6)</p>

A

<p>1) lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes abnormal in size, consistency, number)

2) hepatomegaly
3) splenomegaly
4) pallor
5) petechiae/purpura/ecchymoses
6) mouth ulcers</p>

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5
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

Acute Myeloid Leukamia

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) fever
3) headache
4) palpitations
5) dyspnoea
6) epistaxis
7) menorrhagia</p>

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6
Q

<p>Anaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>decreased blood haemoglobin concentration</p>

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7
Q

<p>Myeloma - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of plasma cells</p>

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8
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Risk Factors (3)</p>

A

<p>1) over 60 years old

2) radiation exposure
3) male</p>

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9
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>decreased blood haemoglobin due to folate deficiency</p>

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10
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Management (3)</p>

A

<p>1) hydroxycarbamide (frequent crises)

2) prophylactic antibiotics and immunisations (splenic infarct)
3) bone marrow transplant (cure)</p>

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11
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Comorbidities (3)</p>

A

<p>1) heart failure

2) infection risk
3) pregnancy problems</p>

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12
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Classification (Ann Arbor) (6)</p>

A

<p>1) I - one lymph node group

2) II - multiple lymph node groups, same side of diaphragm
3) III - multiple lymph node groups, either side of diaphragm
4) IV - spread beyond lymph nodes, e.g. liver
5) A - no B symptoms (except pruritis)
6) B - B symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)</p>

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13
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Diagnosis (6)</p>

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Diagnosis (6)
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

<p>1) lymph node excision (Reed-Sternberg cells/popcorn cells)

2) bone marrow biopsy (Reed-Sternberg cells/popcorn cells)
3) high lactase dehydrogenase (worse prognosis)
4) high ESR (worse prognosis)
5) low Hb (worse prognosis)
6) abdominal CT/MRI (Ann Arbor classification)</p>

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14
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Description</p>

A

<p>blood clot in deep veins, usually legs</p>

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15
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Causes (6)</p>

A

<p>1) low dietary intake

2) malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease)
3) GI bleeding
4) menorrhagia
5) pregnancy
6) hookworm (most common WW)</p>

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16
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Symptoms (6)</p>

A 
<p>1) asymptomatic (usually presents with a surprise abnormal FBC)
severe
2) fatigue*
3) dyspnoea
4) sweats
5) anorexia
6) weight loss</p>
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17
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Comorbidities (7)</p>

A

<p>1) anaemia

2) failure to thrive
3) stroke
4) retinal disease
5) hypoxia —> lung fibrosis —> pulmonary hypertension —> chronic lung disease
6) splenic infarct —> infection risk
7) chronic renal failure</p>

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18
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Pathophysiology (5)</p>

A

<p>1) premature erythrocyte breakdown

2) increased erythropoiesis by bone marrow to compensate (6-8 times)
3) premature reticulocytes are released by bone marrow
4) premature erythrocyte breakdown exceeds compensation
5) anaemia</p>

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19
Q

<p>Anaemia - Comorbidities (2)</p>

A

<p>1) heart failure

| 2) infection risk</p>

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20
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Signs (5)</p>

A

<p>1) may be absent even in severe anaemia

2) pallor
3) tachycardia
4) systolic murmur
5) atrophic glossitis (atrophy of tongue papillae, i.e. smooth tongue)</p>

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21
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) fever
3) headaches
4) palpitations
5) dyspnoea
6) epistaxis
7) menorrhagia</p>

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22
Q

<p>Myeloma - Management (6)</p>

A

<p>1) analgesia (bone pain, avoid NSAIDs due to renal failure)

2) bisphosphonates (bone pain, reduce fractures)
3) renal dialysis
4) hydration (>3L per day)
5) wide spectrum antibiotics
6) chemotherapy</p>

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23
Q

<p>Anaemia - Diagnosis (8)</p>

A

<p>1) FBC (Hb, MCV, RC)

2) B9
3) B12
4) ferritin
5) UnE
6) LFTs (liver failure
7) TSH (hypothyroidism)
8) blood film</p>

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24
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (5)</p>

A 
<p>1) radiotherapy
chemotherapy ABVD
2) adriamycin
3) bleomycin
4) vinblastine
5) dacarbazine</p>
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25
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Diagnosis (6)</p>

A

<p>1) high WCC

2) low neutrophils
3) low Hb
4) low platelets
5) blood film (lymphoblasts)
6) bone marrow biopsy (>20% lymphoblasts)</p>

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26
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Classification (Ann Arbor) (6)</p>

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Classification (Ann Arbor) (6)

A

<p>1) I - one lymph node group

2) II - multiple lymph node groups, same side of diaphragm
3) III - multiple lymph node groups, either side of diaphragm
4) IV - spread beyond lymph nodes, e.g. liver, bone marrow
5) A - no B symptoms (except pruritus)
6) B - B symptoms (weight loss, fever, night sweats)</p>

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27
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Risk Factors (7)</p>

A

<p>1) over 50 years old

2) male
3) family history
4) Epstein-Barr virus
5) Helicobacter pylori
6) hepatitis C
7) immunosuppression</p>

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28
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Diagnosis (7)</p>

A

<p>1) low Hb

2) high MCV
3) high RCC
4) high unconjugated bilirubin
5) high urine urobilinogen
6) high faecal stercobilinogen
7) direct Coombs test (autoimmune haemolytic anaemia)</p>

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29
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Comorbidities (2)</p>

A

<p>1) pancytopenia

| 2) cranial nerve palsy</p>

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30
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Risk Factors (5)</p>

A

<p>1) over 65 years old

2) radiation exposure
3) chemotherapy
4) Klinefelter’s syndrome
5) Down’s syndrome </p>

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31
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of lymphocytes</p>

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32
Q

<p>Myeloma - Symptoms (3)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) weight loss
3) bone pain</p>

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33
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of basophils, eosinophils or neutrophils</p>

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34
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Management (4)</p>

A

<p>1) treat underlying cause

2) LHW heparin
3) warfarin
4) compression stockings</p>

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35
Q

<p>Myeloma - Risk Factors (3)</p>

A

<p>1) age (peak 70 years old)

2) Afro-Caribbean
3) family history</p>

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36
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Diagnosis (6)</p>

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Diagnosis (6)
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

A

<p>1) lymph node excision (non-Reed-Sternberg cells)

2) bone marrow biopsy (non-Reed Sternberg cells)
3) high lactase dehydrogenase (worse prognosis)
4) high ESR (worse prognosis)
5) low Hb (worse prognosis)
6) abdominal CT/MRI (Ann Arbor classification)</p>

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37
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Comorbidities (4)</p>

A

<p>1) heart failure

2) infection risk
3) cholelithiasis
4) jaundice</p>

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38
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (Low Grade) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) none may be required

| 2) radiotherapy</p>

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39
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Description</p>

A

<p>abnormal haemoglobin due to genetic disorder</p>

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40
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Causes (5)</p>

A

<p>1) poor dietary intake

2) malabsorption (Crohn’s disease, coeliac disease)
3) pregnancy
4) high cell turnover (inflammatory disease, malignancy, haemolysis, renal dialysis)
5) antifolate drugs (methotrexate, trimethoprim)</p>

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41
Q

<p>Anaemia - Signs (4)</p>

A

<p>1) may be absent even in severe anaemia

2) pallor
3) tachycardia
4) systolic murmur</p>

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42
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Management (1)</p>

A

<p>1) treat underlying cause</p>

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43
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Diagnosis (4)</p>

A

<p>1) low Hb

2) low MCV
3) low ferritin (may be normal in infection/malignancy)
4) low iron</p>

44
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>decreased blood haemoglobin concentration due to haemolysis of erythrocytes</p>

45
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Signs (5)</p>

A

<p>1) may be absent even in severe anaemia

2) pallor
3) tachycardia
4) systolic murmur
5) jaundice</p>

46
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Diagnosis (6) </p>

A

<p>1) high WCC

2) low neutrophils
3) low Hb
4) low platelets
5) blood film (Auer rod myeloblasts)
6) bone marrow biopsy (>20% blast cells)</p>

47
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Comorbidities (1)</p>

A

<p>1) pulmonary embolism</p>

48
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Signs (3)</p>

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Signs (3)</p>

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Signs (3)</p>

A

<p>1) lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes abnormal in size, consistency, number)

2) hepatomegaly
3) splenomegaly</p>

49
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Comorbidities (1)</p>

A

<p>1) pancytopenia</p>

50
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Symptoms (3)</p>

A

<p>1) weight loss

2) fever
3) night sweats</p>

51
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Causes (1)</p>

A

<p>1) HbS gene mutation (autosomal recessive)</p>

52
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Types (2)</p>

A

<p>1) classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma (95%) (Reed-Sternberg cells)
2) modular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin’s lymphoma (5%) (popcorn cells)</p>

53
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Pathophysiology (4)</p>

A

<p>1) malignant proliferation of B lymphocytes in bone marrow

2) reduced energy and space for proliferation of other cells in bone marrow (bone marrow failure)
3) fewer functional blood cells in blood
4) non-functional blast cells in blood</p>

54
Q

<p>Anaemia - Causes (Normocytic) (6)</p>

A

<p>1) chronic conditions (2nd most common)

2) acute blood loss
3) pregnancy
4) haemantinic deficiency (iron + folate)
5) renal failure
6) sickle cell disease</p>

55
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Symptoms (8)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) headaches
3) palpitations
4) angina
5) dyspnoea
6) anorexia
7) claudication
8) persistent pain in skeleton, chest, abdomen</p>

56
Q

<p>Anaemia - Causes (Macrocytic) (6)</p>

A

<p>1) folate (B9) deficiency

2) B12 deficiency (including pernicious)
3) liver failure (including alcohol)
4) chemotherapy
5) hypothyroidism
6) bone marrow failure</p>

57
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Risk Factors (3)</p>

A

<p>1) 65-74 years old

2) radiation exposure
3) male</p>

58
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Signs (4)</p>

A

<p>1) pallor

2) tachycardia
3) tachypnoea
4) jaundice</p>

59
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of common myeloid progenitors or myeloblasts</p>

60
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of B lymphocytes</p>

61
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>decreased blood haemoglobin concentration due to iron deficiency</p>

62
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Management (2)</p>

A

<p>1) treat underlying cause

| 2) ferrous sulphate</p>

63
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Signs (9)</p>

A

<p>1) may be absent even in severe anaemia

2) pallor
3) tachycardia
4) systolic murmur
5) atrophied glottitis (atrophy of tongue papillae, i.e. smooth tongue)
6) angular cheilitis (ulcerations in the mouth corners)
7) koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)
8) brittle nails
9) brittle hair</p>

64
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) headaches
3) palpitations
4) angina
5) dyspnoea
6) anorexia
7) claudication</p>

65
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Comorbidities (3)</p>

A

<p>1) pancytopenia

2) disseminated intravascular coagulation
3) infection risk</p>

66
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Signs (1)</p>

A

<p>1) splenomegaly* (75%)</p>

67
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) headaches
3) palpitations
4) angina
5) dyspnoea
6) anorexia
7) claudication</p>

68
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Managements (4)</p>

A

<p>1) blood transfusions

2) chemotherapy
3) IV human immunoglobulin
4) bone marrow stem cell transplant</p>

69
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Comorbidities (4)</p>

A

<p>complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy

1) secondary malignancies
2) thyroid pathology (e.g. hypothyroidism)
3) heart pathology (e.g. ischaemic heart disease)
4) lung pathology (e.g. lung fibrosis)</p>

70
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Risk Factors (7)</p>

A

<p>1) 13-19 years old (teenager)

2) over 65 years old
3) male
4) family history (esp. siblings)
5) Epstein-Barr virus
6) autoimmune conditions (e.g. SLE)
7) immunosuppression</p>

71
Q

<p>Myeloma - Management (Chemotherapy - Fit) (3)</p>

A

<p>VAD six cycles

1) vincristine
2) adriamycin
3) dexamethasone</p>

72
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (6)</p>

A 
<p>1) radiotherapy
chemotherapy R-CHOP
1) rituximab
2) cyclophosphamide
3) hydroxy-daunorubicin
5) oncovin
6) predisolone</p>
73
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Diagnosis (5)</p>

A

<p>1) very high WCC

2) low Hb
3) low/normal/high platelets
4) blood film (almost all maturing or matured myeloid cells)
5) bone marrow biopsy (granulocytic hyperplasia)</p>

74
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Diagnosis (6)</p>

A

<p>1) high WCC

2) very high lymphocytes
3) low neutrophils
4) low Hb
5) low platelets
6) blood film (smudge cells)</p>

75
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (Low Grade) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) radiotherapy

| 2) ABVD chemotherapy short course</p>

76
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Comorbidities (2)</p>

A

<p>1) complications of radiotherapy and chemotherapy (e.g. secondary malignancies)
2) tumour lysis syndrome (Burkitt’s lymphoma)</p>

77
Q

<p>Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia - Comorbidities (3)</p>

A

<p>1) pancytopenia

2) autoimmune haemolysis —> anaemia
3) hypogammaglobinaemia —> infection risk</p>

78
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (Early High Grade) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) radiotherapy

| 2) chemotherapy R-CHOP, 3 months</p>

79
Q

<p>Acute Myeloid Leukaemia - Management (6)</p>

A

<p>1) blood transfusions

2) chemotherapy
3) allopurinol (prevents tumour lysis syndrome)
4) prophylactic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals
5) Hickman line (permanent cannula in main vessel to easily take bloods and administer drugs and fluids)
6) bone marrow stem cell transplant</p>

80
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of lymphocytes</p>

81
Q

<p>Anaemia - Management (1)</p>

A

<p>1) treat underlying cause</p>

82
Q

<p>Myeloma - Management (Chemotherapy - Unfit) (3)</p>

A

<p>CTD - 8 cycles

1) cyclophosphamide
2) thalidomide
3) dexamethasone</p>

83
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Diagnosis (6)</p>

A

<p>1) low Hb

2) normal MCV
3) high RCC
4) high bilirubin
5) blood film (sickle cells)
6) Hb electrophoresis (confirmation)</p>

84
Q

<p>Myeloma - Comorbidities (7)</p>

A

<p>1) pancytopenia

2) anaemia (normocytic, normochromatic)
3) renal failure
4) hypercalcaemia
5) osteoporosis
6) fractures
7) spinal cord compression</p>

85
Q

<p>Haemolytic Anaemia - Causes (6)</p>

A

<p>1) hereditary spherocytosis (most common in Northern Europeans)

2) glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency
3) alpha thalassaemia
4) beta thalassaemia
5) sickle cell disease
6) autoimmune haemolytic anaemia</p>

86
Q

<p>Myeloma - Diagnosis (10)</p>

A

<p>1) serum/urine electrophoresis (diagnostic)

2) β2-microglobulin (prognostic)
3) blood film (Rouleaux formation)
4) bone marrow biopsy (plasma cells)
5) low Hb
6) high Ca2+
7) high urea
8) high creatine
9) x-ray (‘punched-out’ lesions)
10) Bence Jones proteins</p>

87
Q

<p>Anaemia - Causes (Microcytic) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) iron deficiency (most common)

| 2) thalassaemia</p>

88
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Description</p>

A

<p>malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts</p>

89
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Diagnosis (4)</p>

A

<p>1) low Hb

2) high MCV
3) low folate
4) blood film (hypersegemented neutrophils)
5) bone marrow biopsy </p>

90
Q

<p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) headaches
3) palpitations
4) angina
5) dyspnoea
6) anorexia
7) claudication</p>

91
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Diagnosis (2)</p>

A

<p>1) D-dimer (diagnosis of exclusion)

| 2) ultrasound</p>

92
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Risk Factors (5)</p>

A

<p>1) poverty

2) alcoholic
3) elderly
4) pregnancy
5) Crohn’s disease or coeliac disease</p>

93
Q

<p>Folate Deficiency Anaemia - Comorbidities (3)</p>

A

<p>1) heart failure

2) infection risk
3) pregnancy problems (spina bifida)</p>

94
Q

<p>Anaemia - Symptoms (7)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) headaches
3) palpitation
4) angina
5) dyspnoea
6) anorexia
7) claudication</p>

95
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Risk Factors (5)</p>

A

<p>1) under 6 years old (75%)

2) radiation exposure
3) chemotherapy
4) Klinefelter’s syndrome
5) Down’s syndrome</p>

96
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Symptoms (3)</p>

A

<p>1) weight loss

2) fever
3) night sweats</p>

97
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Management (2)</p>

A

<p>1) chemotherapy (IV imatinib)

| 2) bone marrow stem cell transplant</p>

98
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Management (6)</p>

A

<p>1) blood transfusions

2) chemotherapy
3) allopurinol (prevents tumour lysis syndrome)
4) prophylactic antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals
5) Hickman line (permanent catheter in a main vessel to easily take bloods and administer drugs and fluids)
6) bone marrow stem cell transplant (after 1st remission)</p>

99
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Symptoms (3)</p>

A

<p>1) fatigue

2) sweats
3) weight loss</p>

100
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Risk Factors (7)</p>

A 
<p>immobility
1) surgery
2) leg fracture —> plaster of Paris
3) long haul flight
oestrogen
4) oral contraceptive
5) hormone replacement therapy 
6) pregnancy
7) thrombophilia</p>
101
Q

<p>Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia - Pathophysiology (4)</p>

A

<p>1) malignant proliferation of basophils, eosinophils or neutrophils in bone marrow

2) reduced energy and space for proliferation of other cells in bone marrow (bone marrow failure)
3) fewer functional blood cells in blood
4) non-functional basophils, eosinophils or neutrophils in blood</p>

102
Q

<p>Sickle Cell Disease - Pathophysiology (6)</p>

A

<p>1) homozygous HbS gene mutation

2) abnormal haemoglobin
3) haemoglobin polymerise when deoxygenated
4) erythrocytes deform forming sickle cells
5) sickle cells are fragile and haemolysed
6) sickle cell block small blood vessels</p>

103
Q

<p>Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Management (Late High Grade) (2)</p>

A

<p>1) radiotherapy

| 2) chemotherapy R-CHOP, 6 months</p>

104
Q

<p>Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Signs (3)</p>

A

<p>1) lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes abnormal in size, consistency, number)

2) hepatomegaly
3) splenomegaly</p>

105
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Signs (6)</p>

A

<p>1) lymphadenopathy (lymph nodes abnormal in size, consistency, number)

2) hepatomegaly
3) splenomegaly
4) pallor
5) petechiae/purpura/ecchymoses
6) mouth ulcers</p>

106
Q

<p>Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia - Pathophysiology (4)</p>

A

<p>1) malignant proliferation of lymphoblasts in bone marrow

2) reduced energy and space for proliferation of other cells in bone marrow (bone marrow failure)
3) fewer functional blood cells in blood
4) non-functional blast cells in blood</p>

107
Q

<p>Deep Vein Thrombosis - Signs (6)</p>

A

<p>1) mild fever

2) calf warmth
3) calf tenderness
4) calf swelling
5) calf erythema
6) pitting oedema</p>

Phase 2 - Haemotology COPY (2 decks)

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