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CC-2224 Geo Paper 1 > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

What is the uppermost layer of the earth called?i

A

Crust

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2
Q

What is the name of the crust and the uppermost layer of the mantle?

A

Lithosphere

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3
Q

How deep is the mantle?

A

2900 km

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4
Q

What are the tectonic plates?

A

The earths surface that is broken into large pieces

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5
Q

What is the state of the inner core?

A

Liquid with a temperature of 6000 degrees Celsius

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6
Q

What is the temperature of the outer core?

A

Around 4000 degrees Celsius

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7
Q

How deep is the continental crust and what is it made of?

A

10 - 50 miles of thick granite

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8
Q

What density does oceanic crust have?

A

High density so it floats on the mantle like wood

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9
Q

What does continental crust form?

A

The land

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10
Q

How thick is oceanic crust and what is it made of?

A

1 - 3 miles deep, made of basalt (this basalt is chemically different to the basalt found in the mantle)

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11
Q

What is a plume?

A

A body of magma that rises from the earths mantle into the crust

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12
Q

What is the mantle made up of?

A

Semi molten rock called magma

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13
Q

What is the inner and outer core made of?

A

Iron and nickel

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14
Q

How thick is the inner core?

A

1250km

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15
Q

How thick is the outer core?

A

Around 2200km thick

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16
Q

What layers of the earth does the lithosphere cover?

A

Crust and the upper most part of the upper mantle

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17
Q

What does the asthenosphere cover?

A

The top part of the mantle just below the lithosphere

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18
Q

How many parts is the mantle made up of

A

2 parts but the upper mantle in then split into another two parts

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19
Q

What is a tropical cyclone?

A

a rotating system of clouds and storms that form and develop over tropical and sub-tropical waters

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20
Q

When is a tropical cyclone a hurricane or typhoon?

A

When it reaches wind speeds above 118km/h

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21
Q

What terms under tropical cyclone are used to describe each weather event for its location on the earth?

A

Hurricanes are used in the North Atlantic and Pacific coast of the USA
cyclones are used in the Indian and South Pacific Ocean
typhoons are used in the western North Pacific

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22
Q

For strong winds, what does it damage?

A

It can destroy buildings, lift roofs, vehicles and trees and it can destroy power lines

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23
Q

For storm surges, what do they involve?

A

High tides causing flooding which is due to low pressure as weight of air isn’t holding down the sea as much

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24
Q

What are the hazards that come with cyclones?

A

strong winds
intense rainfall
storm surges
landslides

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25
Q

For intense rainfall, what does it involve? Give an example

A

Where an Average of 1000mm of rain can fall in a single storm e.g. in 1967 typhoon Cana is China brought 2700 mm of rain (higher than annual rainfall in London)

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26
Q

For landslides, what does it involve? Give an example

A

Where rock and debris move down a slope due to saturated ground which slumps when wet e.g. in 2014, 53 people died in landslides caused by tropical storm jangmi in the Philippines

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27
Q

What are source regions?

A

The area where the cyclone forms

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28
Q

How big are cyclones on average

A

650km across

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29
Q

What conditions are needed for a tropical cyclone to form?

A

-A large still warm ocean where surface temp is over 26.5° for a long period of time
-strong winds in the troposphere that are 10-12km above the earths surface as they rapidly draw warms air up from the earth’s surface
-the Coriolis force = a strong force caused by the earth’s rotation Which is why cyclones only form between latitudes of 5°-30° away from the equator and not on it

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30
Q

What are the steps to a cyclone forming

A

1.Warm air currents rise from ocean causing more air to rush in to replace it which rises as it’s drawn by the draught above
2.There is alot of water vapour from up draughts of air which condenses to produce cumulonimbus clouds
3.Coriolis force causes rising currents of air to spiral around the centre of the cyclone. Air then rises and cools then some descends to form the calm eye of the storm
4.The cyclone tracks away from the source and is fed new heat and moisture from the ocean causing it to grow
5.Once it hits land it looses the ocean and no longer has an energy source so air pressure rises as temp falls, winds drop, rainfall decreases and it dies down to a simple storm

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31
Q

What are primary effects?

A

Events that happen immediately as a result if a hazard

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32
Q

What are secondary effects?

A

Events that happen after the hours, days and weeks after the hazard

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33
Q

Give 7 factors that affect vulnerability of a country to natural disasters

A

preparation
education
population density
building design
time of day
economy
type of sediment

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34
Q

How does population density affect vulnerability?

A

In rural areas vulnerability is reduced as less people liver there so less potential lives to be lost
this is the opposite for urban areas

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35
Q

For sediment type, how does it affect vulnerability?

A

As houses built on flat secure bedrock are going to be more secure than those built on steep hills and unstable rocks

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36
Q

For building type, how does it affect vulnerability?

A

As newer stronger buildings that can withstand certain hazards reduce vulnerability
poor countries are going to be less able to build stable strong housing and instead will usually be weak and cheap buildings

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37
Q

For economy, how does it affect vulnerability?

A

the poor are less likely to afford resources needed for a response and are less likely to have insurance policies
rich tend to loose more from disasters as they are more valuables at stake
poor are less likely to have access to medical care so it’s easier for them to be injured or killed

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38
Q

For preparation, how does it affect vulnerability?

A

Countries with good alarms and warning systems are less vulnerable
some hazards like floods are easier to predict

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39
Q

What methods are used in preparation for cyclones and their hazards?

A

Weather forecasting, satellite technology, warning systems, evacuation strategies, storm surge defences

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40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages in the USA for weather forecasting?

A

+most have digital access with 79% of the population. with a social media account
-the system is aged and people do not always follow media advice

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41
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages in the USA for satellites?

A

+can view the whole earth at once and record the images as quick as one at every minute
-the system is aged as in 2012, a satellite failed and the back up was on a too old software. Also satellites can only give broad predictions

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42
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages in the USA for warning systems and evacuation strategies?

A

+warning systems can help plan evacuations and classifies towns and cities into risk zones
-not always accurate and there’s pressure on emergency services from people who don’t need evacuating

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43
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages in the USA for storm surge defences?

A

+using them saves money on having to later fix damage properties and pay back insurance
-can be expensive and some levees are poorly maintained like in New Orleans where 80% of it was left flooded for weeks after Katrina

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44
Q

In an area of land where it’s mainly forest, what will the pressure be and why?

A

Low pressure because dark surfaces absorb sunlight which is converted to heat so the land heats up quickly in the summer causing air to rise

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45
Q

What kind of pressure forms over the sea and why?

A

High pressure because it takes more time to absorb heat as it’s a light surface and so air remains cooler and denser causing it to sink

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46
Q

What is the albedo effect?

A

Where light surfaces reflect more solar radiation and dark surfaces absorb more solar radiation

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47
Q

Why is the North Pole colder than Africa?

A

As it’s further from the equator and so the solar radiation has to hit it at an oblique angle and has to travel further so it’s less concentrated

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48
Q

What is climate?

A

The average temperature and precipitation over a long period of time.

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49
Q

What is the Gulf Stream?

A

Warm ocean currents driven by westerly winds

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50
Q

Describe where the Gulf Stream begins and its movements.

A

It begins in the Gulf of Mexico blowing north east where a branch heads towards Europe and then becomes the North Atlantic drift

51
Q

What keeps sea temperatures in January at a reasonably warm 11°?

A

The North Atlantic drift

52
Q

Describe the formation of the currents in the ocean in terms of convection currents starting with the North Atlantic

A

North Atlantic water is cold, heavy and quite salty so it sinks
This sets up convection currents which drags surface water down
The convection current draws warmer salty water I bet the ocean surface from areas near the equator such as the Gulf of Mexico
This then cools and sinks in the Labrador and Greenland seas and then flows south towards the equator where it’s warmed again

53
Q

What is the global circulation model?

A

A theory that explains how the atmosphere operates in a series of 3 cells each side of the equator

54
Q

Why does the atmosphere mean the equator is warmer than the poles?

A

Because the atmosphere contains particles that absorb heat and at the equator, solar radiation passes through the atmosphere at a direct angle so less heat is lost

55
Q

State the cells in order of the earth

A

Polar cell
Ferrel cell
Hadley cell
Hadley cell
Ferrel cell
Polar cell

56
Q

What does air do at the Hadley cell and what’s its effect?

A

The air at the Hadley cell is warm and rises towards the poles where it then sinks causing high pressure

57
Q

Describe the movement of air based on the global circulation model

A

Cold air at the poles moves towards the equator and warms up causing it to rise again

58
Q

Describe the Hadley cell, thermally direct or indirect?

A

The Hadley cell is where warm air travels to around 30° north where it cools and sinks to the surface before returning to the tropics. This creates an area of Hugh pressure
the cell is thermally direct

59
Q

Describe the polar cell, thermally direct or indirect?

A

It’s much smaller than the Hadley cells and is where cold air sinks at the North Pole and then flows south at the surface. At around 60° north, the air is warmed by contact with the land or ocean here and begins to rise
Thermally direct

60
Q

Describe the ferrel cell, thermally direct or indirect?

A

It’s found between the Hadley and polar cells that lie between 30° and 60° north
It’s thermally indirect as it’s powered by two other cells

61
Q

What’s the atmospheric cell over the uk?

A

The ferrel cell

62
Q

What cell is responsible for bringing the uk cold and wet weather?

A

The polar cell as the cold air from here sinks down moving towards the equator

63
Q

Which cell is the largest?

A

Hadley cell

64
Q

Describe low pressure

A

Forms wet weather where there are storms. This is because warm air rises and cools allowing water vapour to condense and form precipitation

65
Q

Describe high presssure

A

Here, air is heated at the equator where pressure is low, it then rises and begins to descend at 30° latitude once the air has cooled. As cool air descends, it warms so clouds don’t form as air isn’t going up to condensate

66
Q

At the surface of our atmosphere, air flows from belts of…

A

High pressure to belts of low pressure

67
Q

At the higher atmosphere, air flows from belts of…

A

Low pressure to high pressure

68
Q

What is the inter tropical convergent zone?

A

The ICTZ is a zone of convergence attempts thermal equator where the trade winds meet. It has a belt of low pressure and migrates with the changing position of the thermal equator

69
Q

Describe the effect the ICTZ has on a specific climate

A

It affects Africa’s climate by making it very varied as it runs straight through it

70
Q

State the pressure belts in order from the top of the earth to the bottom

A

Polar high
Subtropical low
Subtropical high
Equatorial low
Subtropical high
Subtropical low
Polar high

71
Q

What are the causes of climate change before humans existed

A

Volcanoes
Asteroid impacts
Changes in the earths cycle every thousand - hundred thousand years

72
Q

What are the theories for the causes of past climate change called?

A

The eruption theory
Asteroid collision
The sunspot theory
The orbital theory

73
Q

Explain the eruption theory

A

The idea that a large eruption will produce a lot of ash and CO2 which if risen high enough could spread around the stratosphere and preventing sunlight reaching the earths surface as it would get reflected by the ash.

74
Q

Explain the asteroid collision theory. How long will it have lasted?

A

The idea that every 500,000 years, a km sized asteroid strikes and so in the past, a strike from this would cause millions of tonnes of ash and dust to spread into the atmosphere and block out sunlight similar to volcanoes. It’s effect would have lasted 5-10 yrs

75
Q

Explain the sunspot theory

A

they tell us the sun is more active than usual so many spots means more energy is being fired out from the sun towards the earth

76
Q

Explain the different sections of the orbital theory and how it could have changed the earths climate

A

The earths orbit is sometimes circular and sometimes more of an ellipsis
The earth’s axis tilts so it’s sometimes more upright and sometimes more to the side
The earth’s axis wobbles like a spinning top
These all alter the amount of sunlight the earth would have received so over time scales of thousands of years, the change would be enough to start an ice age or end one

77
Q

What are the main pieces of evidence that tell us about past climates?

A

Ice cores, tree rings and historical sources

78
Q

For ice cores,
What are they?
How do they tell us about past climates?

A

-They are ice sheets that contain layers of ice
-they show past climates as each layer is formed from a year of snowfall. The air bubbles trapped in older layers of ice preserve air and CO2 from when the snow fell and so the ice is drilled into to measure the amount of CO2

79
Q

For tree rings,
What are they?
How do they tell us about past climates?

A

-They are the rings inside the bark of trees.
-Trees grow in temperate climates each year in the summer so the larger the growth, the bigger the ring suggesting more heat. This shows past climate as the growth can be seen from no of rings in the tree

80
Q

What are the gases that make up the atmosphere and give their percentages

A

Nitrogen (78.8%)
Carbon dioxide (0.03%)
Oxygen (20.9%)
Water vapour (1%)

81
Q

What is the greenhouse effect?

A

The way gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun and they prevent a large amount of solar radiation from escaping causing the earth to be at a comfortable temperature

82
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

A

The impact on the climate from additional heat being retained due to increased amounts of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases that humans have released into the atmosphere

83
Q

What point of the earth is the sun’s heat more concentrated?

A

The equator

84
Q

Where does hot air travel?

A

Away from the equator

85
Q

Where does cold air travel?

A

Towards the equator

86
Q

Why is the earth’s temperature a little balanced?

A

Hot air travels away from the equator and cold air travels towards the equator

87
Q

Why is The north and south pole colder than anywhere else of the planet?

A

Because they are furthest away from the sun leading to lower solar insolation

88
Q

What does solar insolation mean?

A

Solar insolation is the amount of electromagnetic energy (solar radiation) incident on the surface of the earth.

89
Q

What is the meaning of air pressure?

A

Air pressure is the ‘weight’ of air exerted on the ground

90
Q

What are the two types of air pressure and what is it measured in?

A

High and low pressure, it is measured in millibars

91
Q

High pressure______ low pressure________

A

High pressure sinks and low pressure rises

92
Q

What happens during low air pressure?

A

Air rises, and cools and condenses as it does soThen it spreads out to form clouds which eventually cause rain

93
Q

What happens during high air pressure?

A

The air sinks and pushes more weight onto the Earth No clouds form which means no rain.

94
Q

What climates are associated with low pressure?

A

Temperate climates like the Uk and Canada
Tropical climates like Brazil

95
Q

What climates are associated with high pressure?

A

Desert like the Sahara
Polar like the Antarctic

96
Q

What does ITCZ stand for?

A

InterTropical Convergent Zone - the joining of warm air.

97
Q

What are cumulonimbus clouds?

A

Cumulonimbus clouds are thunder clouds

98
Q

Where does the ICTZ move in summer months?

A

North of the equator

99
Q

Where does the ICTZ move in winter months?

A

South of the equator

100
Q

What plate boundaries do volcanoes form at?

A

Divergent and convergent plate boundaries

101
Q

What is a hotspot?

A

A place in the centre of a plate where magma rises causing the lithosphere to melt and pushing magma through the crust to form volcanoes

102
Q

Why don’t all volcanoes happen on plate boundaries?

A

Because there are various areas of the mantle that are hotter than others - hotspots

103
Q

What are the layers on the volcano?

A

Layers of ash and lava from pyroclastic flows which build up overtime forming the side of the volcano

104
Q

Where and what is the magma chamber?

A

Located at the bottom of the volcano where hot molten rock is stored

105
Q

What plate boundary is a shield volcano formed in?

A

Divergent

106
Q

Where do composite volcanoes form?

A

Convergent

107
Q

What is the lava like in a shield volcano?

A

Runny, seeps out gently

108
Q

What is the lava like in a composite volcano?

A

Viscous (sticky) and thick

109
Q

Where are volcanoes and earthquakes more likely to occur?

A

Plate boundaries

110
Q

How long ago was the “super continent” and what was it called?

A

250 million years ago, it was called Pangea

111
Q

What is the direction of movement in a divergent plate boundary?

A

Moving apart from one another

112
Q

What crusts are involved in a divergent plate boundary?

A

Oceanic and oceanic

113
Q

How do volcanoes form in divergent plate boundaries

A

When magma escapes and gets pushed upwards from the mantle

114
Q

In what direction do convergent plate boundaries move ?

A

They collide into each other but subduction occurs (one plate goes under the other)

115
Q

What crusts are involved in convergent plate boundaries?

A

Oceanic and continental

116
Q

Name two plates on a divergent plate boundary

A

African and South American plate

117
Q

In what direction do collision plate boundaries move?

A

Towards each other and they collide

118
Q

What types of crust are involved in collision plate boundaries?

A

Continental and continental

119
Q

What is the major landform from collision plate boundaries and why?

A

Fold mountains as the plates are forced upwards when they collide

120
Q

What is the reason for earthquakes in collision plate boundaries?

A

Due to the build up of friction and pressure

121
Q

What direction do conservative plate boundaries move?

A

They slide past each other

122
Q

What are the types of crust involved in conservative plate boundaries?

A

Continental and continental

123
Q

At what plate boundaries do earthquakes occur?

A

Convergent, divergent conservative plate boundaries and collision

124
Q

At what plate boundaries do volcanoes occur?

A

Divergent and convergent

CC-2224 Geo Paper 1 (6 decks)

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