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CC-2224 Geo Paper 1 > Hazardous Earth > Flashcards

Hazardous Earth Flashcards

1
Q

Air always moves from …

A

high pressure to lower pressure

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2
Q

Hot air …

A

Rises

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3
Q

Cold air…

A

sinks

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4
Q

What are the 3 atmospheric circulation cells

A

Hadley, Ferrel and Polar cells

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5
Q

Where is the Hadley cell located

A

from the equator to between 30° and 40° north and south

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6
Q

How does air act in the Hadley cell

A

-hot air rises and forms tropical rainstorms
-air flows towards higher latitudes, where it becomes cooler and sinks over subtropical regions
-this causes the climate to be warm and dry forming a desert

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7
Q

Where is the Ferrel cell located

A

between 60° and 70° north and south of the equator

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8
Q

How does air act in the Ferrel cell

A

-Air in this cell joins the sinking air of the Hadley cell and travels at low heights to mid-latitudes where it rises along the border with the cold air of the Polar cell

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9
Q

Where is the polar cell located

A

It extends from the edge of the Ferrel cell to the poles at 90° north and south

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10
Q

How does air act in the polar cell

A

-Air in these cells is cold and sinks creating high pressure over the highest latitudes
-The cold air flows out towards the lower latitudes at the surface, where it is slightly warmed and rises to return at altitude to the poles

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11
Q

How does air act at high pressure belts

A

Air cools down becoming denser and sinks which creates an area of high pressure

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12
Q

How does air act at low pressure belts

A

Air warms up and becomes less dense and rises which creates an area of low pressure

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13
Q

What doesn’t occur at high pressure belts

A

-Rain
-evaporation

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14
Q

What does occur at low pressure belts

A

-Rain
-evaporation

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15
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

-In the northern hemisphere it curves winds to the right
-In the southern hemisphere it curves them left

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16
Q

What are the 4 major greenhouse gases

A

-Water vapour
-Carbon dioxide
-Methane
-Nitrous oxide

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17
Q

What are the causes of climate change

A

-Milankovitch Cycles
-Volcanic eruptions
-Sunspot activity
-Atmospheric dust and asteroids
-Ocean Currents

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18
Q

How do Milankovitch Cycles cause climate change

A

The Earth’s orbit changes every 100,000 years a more circular orbit leads to cooler periods and an elliptical orbit leads to warmer periods

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19
Q

How does the Earth’s tilt cause climate change

A

The Earth’s tilt varies every 40,000 years and the greater the tilt the hotter summers are and colder the winters are

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20
Q

How does Earth’s axis cause climate change

A

Every 24,000 years the Earth wobbles on its axis and this can affect the seasonal temperatures

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21
Q

How do Volcanic eruptions cause climate change

A

-Large scale eruptions lead to vast quantities of ash being ejected into the atmosphere
-Ash in the atmosphere blocks solar radiation leading to a decrease in temperatures

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22
Q

How does Sunspot activity cause climate change

A

Increased sunspot activity is linked to higher average temperatures

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23
Q

How do asteroids cause climate change

A

Large asteroid collisions can cause fires which release CO2 emissions and the dust sent up into the atmosphere can also lead to cooling as dust particles block solar radiation

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24
Q

What is the evidence for climate change

A

-Ice cores
-Preserved pollen
-Historical sources
-Tree rings

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25
Q

How do ice cores give us evidence for climate change

A

-These trap ash, air bubbles and microbes.
-The air bubbles contain CO2 providing information about past temperatures

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26
Q

How do tree cores give us evidence for climate change

A

-Each ring of the tree shows a year’s growth
-During warmer and wetter years trees grow more and so the rings are larger

27
Q

How does the greenhouse effect work

A

-Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere allow short-wave radiation from the sun through to the Earth’s surface
-The greenhouse gases absorb some of the long-wave radiation (heat) and stop it from radiating out into space
-This maintains the Earth’s average temperature

28
Q

What is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

Less long-wave radiation (heat) can escape the atmosphere

29
Q

How does a tropical cyclone form

A

-Warm air rises, forming an area of low pressure
-Air from high-pressure areas rushes in to take the place of the rising air
-This air then rises, forming a continuous flow of rising air
-As the air rises, it cools and condenses. This releases heat energy, which helps power the tropical cyclone
-Air at the top of the storm goes outwards away from the centre of the storm
-The Coriolis force causes the rising air to spiral around the centre.
-Some of the air sinks in the middle of the storm, forming a cloudless, calm eye

30
Q

What are Typhoons

A

Tropical storms in the South China Sea and west Pacific Ocean

31
Q

What are hurricanes

A

Tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the west coast of Mexico

32
Q

What are Cyclones

A

Tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean

33
Q

When do tropical cyclones mostly occur in the northern hemisphere

A

June – November

34
Q

When do tropical cyclones mostly occur in the southern hemisphere

A

November to April

35
Q

tropical cyclone will dissipate if …

A

it loses its source of energy - either from the warm waters or loss of moisture over land

36
Q

What are the hazards of tropical cyclones

A

-High winds
-Intense rainfall
-Storm surges
-Coastal flooding
-Landslides

37
Q

What are the primary impacts of tropical storms

A

-Buildings and bridges are destroyed
-Roads, railways, ports, and airports are damaged
-damaged infrastructure

38
Q

What are the secondary impacts of tropical storms

A

-homelessness
-blocked roads cause emergency services to be blocked
-hospitals and homes will be left powerless
-clean water supplies contaminated
-economic impact

39
Q

What are physical vulnerabilities to tropical storms

A
  • Low-lying coastlines
    -Areas where tropical storms form
    -A high frequency of storms
    -Steep slopes
    -lack of accessibility to remote areas due to physical landscape
40
Q

What are the economic vulnerabilities to tropical storms

A

-Low levels of development
-Financial cost of repairs
-Harder to rescue people if infrastructure is damaged

41
Q

What are the social vulnerabilities to tropical storms

A

-Old and young people are more vulnerable
-Lack of education, information, emergency planning
-Health and well-being are impacted
-Areas of poverty

42
Q

What 4 things are used to manage tropical cyclones

A

prediction, preparation, protection and planning

43
Q

What is the structure of the Earth

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

44
Q

What are the two types of crust

A

-The oceanic crust is thinner (5-10km) but heavier, denser and is composed mainly of basalt
-The Continental crust is thicker (25-100km) and is composed mainly of granite

45
Q

What are the characteristics of the inner core

A

About 1400km in diameter, a solid and dense layer composed of iron and nickel with temperatures of about 5000 - 6000°C

46
Q

What are the characteristics of the outer core

A

About 2100km thick, a semi-molten metal layer with temperatures between about 4000-6000°C

47
Q

What are the characteristics of the mantle

A

About 2900km thick, a semi-molten layer which is less dense than the outer core

48
Q

What are the 2 layers of the mantle

A

Asthenosphere
Lower mantle

49
Q

How is heat generated within in the earth

A

Radioactive decay

50
Q

What are convection currents

A

The tectonic plates which make up the crust move on top of the semi molten mantle below

51
Q

What is slab pull theory

A

plate movement is a result of the weight of the denser oceanic plates subducting and dragging the rest of the plate along

52
Q

What are mantle plumes

A

upwellings of superheated rock

53
Q

What are the type of plate boundaries

A

Divergent
Convergent
Conservative

54
Q

What is a divergent plate boundary

A

-At a divergent boundary the plates are moving apart
-Both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes can occur

55
Q

What is a Convergent plate boundary

A

-At a convergent plate boundary the plates are moving together
-The denser, heavier oceanic plate subducts under the lighter, less dense continental plate
-Both volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur

56
Q

What is a Collision Zone

A

When two continental plates collide the rock which makes up the land is folded forming fold mountains

57
Q

What is a Conservative boundary

A

-At a conservative boundary the plates move passed each other in opposite directions or in the same direction at different speeds
-Earthquakes are the only hazard at this type of boundary

58
Q

What are the characteristics of a composite volcano

A

Steep-sided
Sticky (viscous) lava
More explosive eruptions due to higher gas content
Formed from alternating layers of ash and lava
Tend to form on convergent plate boundaries

59
Q

What are the characteristics of shield volcanoes

A

Gently sloping sides
Runny/thin lava
Less explosive due to lower gas content: gentle eruptions
Tend to form on divergent plate boundaries or hot spots
Frequent eruptions

60
Q

What are the primary hazards of earthquakes

A

Ground Shaking
Surface rupture

61
Q

What are the secondary hazards of earthquakes

A

Liquefaction

Landslides

Tsunami

Fires

62
Q

What are the primary hazards of volcanic eruptions

A

Pyroclastic flow
Lava flow
Volcanic Bombs
Lahars (mudflow)
Earthquakes
Direct ash fal

63
Q

What are the secondary hazards of volcanic eruptions

A

Landslides
Tsunami
Acid rain
Ash fallout from the atmosphere

64
Q

How do tsunamis form

A

-When an earthquake occurs beneath the sea bed this can lead to a tsunami
-Landslides which may be due to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions displacing the water

CC-2224 Geo Paper 1 (7 decks)

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