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GCSE Geography > Hazards And Tectonics > Flashcards

Hazards And Tectonics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard?

A

An event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death e.g. volcano, earthquake, tropical storm

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2
Q

What is a conservative plate margin?

A

A tectonic plate margin where two tectonic plates slide past each other

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3
Q

What is a constructive plate margin?

A

Tectonic plate margin where rising magna adds new material to plates that are moving apart or diverging.

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4
Q

What is a destructive plate margin?

A

A tectonic plate margin where two plates are converging or coming together and the oceanic plate is subducted. It can be associated with violent earthquakes and explosive volcanoes.

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5
Q

What is a earthquake?

A

A sudden or violent movement within the earths crust, followed by a series of shocks.

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6
Q

What are Immediate responses?

A

The reaction of people as a disaster happens, and in the immediate aftermath

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7
Q

What are Long-term responses?

A

Later reactions that occur in the weeks, months and years after an event has happened.

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8
Q

What is Monitoring?

A

Recording physical changes, such as earthquake tremors around a volcano, to help forecast when and where a natural hazard might strike.

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9
Q

What is a plate margin?

A

The margin of boundary between 2 tectonic plates.

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10
Q

What is Planning?

A

Actions taken to enable communities to respond to, and recover from, natural disasters, through measures such as emergency evacuations plans.

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11
Q

What is Prediction?

A

Attempts to forecast when and where a natural hazard will strike, based on current knowledge. This can be done for some extent for volcano eruptions.

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12
Q

What are Primary effects?

A

The initial impact of a natural event on people and property, caused directly by it; for instance, buildings collapsing following an earthquake

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13
Q

What is an atmospheric hazard?

A

Created in the atmosphere, by the movement of air and water.

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14
Q

Examples of atmospheric hazards

A

Heatwave, tropical storms, drought, flooding, forest fires

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15
Q

What are terrestrial/ geological hazards?

A

Created by the movement of the earths tectonic plates or surface rock and soils

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16
Q

Examples of terrestrial/ geological hazards

A

Earthquake, volcano, land slides, tsunamis

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17
Q

What are water based hazards?

A

Created by rivers, sea or oceans

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18
Q

Example of water based hazards

A

Flooding

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19
Q

What are biological hazards?

A

Any biological substance that poses a threat to the health of people

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20
Q

Example of biological hazard

A

Disease

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21
Q

What are the 4 different types of natural hazards?

A

Atmospheric hazards, terrestrial/ geological hazards, water based hazards, biological hazards

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22
Q

What factors affect the IMPACT of a natural hazard?

A

Population, frequency, location, magnitude, level of development and wealth

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23
Q

What are the layers of the earth from outer to inwards?

A

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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24
Q

What is the crust?

A

The crust is solid and is the layer we live on. The crust is usually between 10km - 60km thick.

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25
Q

What is the mantle?

A

This is the thickest section of the earth, with a diameter of about 2900km. The mantle is often described as being semi-molten, but in reality the top is hard rock and as you near the outer core it is beginning to melt (magma) 

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26
Q

What is the outer core?

A

This layer is believed to be liquid and largely made of iron and nickel. It is extremely hot with temperatures up to 5,500 degrees centigrade.

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27
Q

What is the inner core?

A

This layer is believed to be solid, because of the immense pressure placed upon it. It contains the centre of the earth which is about 6,378km from the surface, it is also extremely hot at about 5,500 degrees centigrade.

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28
Q

Why do convection currents make tectonic plates move?

A
  • The hot core cause magna to rise in the mantle and sink towards the core when it cools.
  • Convection builds pressure and carries plate with it
  • only limited evidence of this so far
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29
Q

Why does slab pull make tectonic plates move?

A
  • the denser plate sinks back into the mantle under the influence of gravity.
  • it pulls the rest of the plate along behind it
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30
Q

Why does ridge push make tectonic plates move?

A
  • magna rises as the plates move apart.
  • the magma cools to form plate material.
  • as it cools it becomes denser and slides down, away from the ridge.
  • this causes tectonic plates to move away from each other.
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31
Q

What is continental drift?

A

Continental drift is a theory that the continental have shifted position due to the earths rotation.

32
Q

What are tectonic plates?

A

Sections into which the lithosphere is cracked - slabs of the earths crust. True surface of the earth is divided into 7 major and 8 minor plates.

33
Q

What are the largest tectonic plates?

A

Antarctic, Eurasian and North American plates

34
Q

What are the 2 types of crust?

A

Oceanic crust and continental crust

35
Q

What is oceanic crust?

A

Less than 200 million years old, less than 10km thick, very dense - sink

36
Q

What is continental crust?

A

Over 150 million years old, between 25km - 70kms thick, not very dense - cannot sink

37
Q

What is melted rock called?

A

Magna

38
Q

Why does melted rock rise?

A

Less dense

39
Q

What is the direction of plate movement on a constructive plate margin?

A

Plates are moving away from each other because of convection currents

40
Q

What is the direction of plate movement on a destructive plate margin?

A

Plates are moving towards each other because of convection currents

41
Q

What is the direction of plate movement on a conservative plate margin?

A

Plates are moving parallel to each other

42
Q

What is an active volcano?

A

Volcanoes that are going to erupt - at least 1 eruption in the last 10,000

43
Q

What are dormant volcanoes?

A

Not erupt any time soon (sleeping) - not erupted in the last 10,000 years

44
Q

What are extinct volcanoes?

A

dead volcanoes - never erupt again

45
Q

What are Volcanic gases?

A

These are compressed underground but once released into the atmosphere they can change global temperatures, some gases like CO2 are fatal in high concentrations when ejected from volcanoes

46
Q

What are Landslides?

A

When a section of the volcano falls down the side of a mountain

47
Q

What is Lahar?

A

Mixture of volcano ice ash rocks and other debris mixed with either hot or cold water. They can destroy whole towns and moves to quickly for people to put run

48
Q

What are Lava flows?

A

Eruptions of molten rock from deep within the earth, some are slow and sticky other are runny and fast flowing.
- they can burn down buildings and cause widespread destruction

49
Q

What is the Focus?

A

The point of origin of an earthquake within the earths crust

50
Q

What were the causes of l’Aquila Italy?

A
  • destructive plate boundary

- African plate subducts beneath the Eurasian plate

51
Q

What are the causes of Gorka, Nepal?

A
  • collision plate margin

- Eurasian and Indo - Australian plate boundary

52
Q

What was the size of L’Aquila, Italy?

A

6.8 on the Richter scale

53
Q

What was the size of Gorkha, Nepal?

A

7.8 on the Richter scale

54
Q

Primary effects of L’Aquila, italy?

A

308 killed
1,500 injured
67500 homeless

55
Q

Primary effects of Gorkha, Nepal?

A

8,341 died
16,800 injured
1 million homeless

56
Q

Secondary effects of L’Aquila, Italy?

A

Landslides and rock fall

57
Q

Secondary effects of Gorkha, Nepal?

A

Landslides and avalanches killed 19 on Mount Everest

58
Q

Immediate responses after L’Aquila, Italy?

A

10,000 sheltered in hotels
40,000 tents given out
Dog units search for survivors

59
Q

Immediate responses after Gorkha, Nepal?

A

International help requested

500,000 tents provided

60
Q

What was the date of the Gorkha earthquake?

A

25th April 2015

61
Q

What was the date of the l’aquila earthquake?

A

6th April 2009

62
Q

How many people were killed in the Gorkha earthquake?

A

9,000

63
Q

How many people were killed in the l’aquila earthquake?

A

309

64
Q

How many people were affected by the Gorkha earthquake?

A

8 million people

65
Q

How many people were made homeless in Italy after the l’aquila earthquake?

A

65,000 people

66
Q

What was the cost of damage in Italy after the l,Aquila earthquake?

A

11 billion dollars

67
Q

What NGOs (non-government organization) provided aid for Nepal after the Gorkha earthquake?

A

oxfam provided emergency aid

68
Q

What NGOs (non-government organization) provided aid for Italy after the l’Aquila earthquake?

A

Red Cross - 7 dog units, 36 ambulances and a temporary hospital within an hour

69
Q

What is the Nepal plate boundary?

A

continental collision

70
Q

What is the Italy plate boundary?

A

destructive plate boundary

71
Q

What are the Nepal plates?

A

indo-australian and Eurasion

72
Q

What are the Italy plates?

A

African and Eurasion

73
Q

How many people were injured in Italy after the l’Aquilla earthquake?

A

1,500 people

74
Q

How many buildings collapsed in Italy afetr the l’Aquilla earthquake?

A

10,000 buildings - including L’Aquila university buildings

75
Q

How many people were made homeless in Nepal after the Gorkha earthquake?

A

1 million people

76
Q

Number of buildings destroyed in Nepal after the Gorkha earthquake?

A
  • 7,000 schools
  • 26 hospitals

GCSE Geography (13 decks)

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