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Anatomy > Head and Neck Deck 1 > Flashcards

Head and Neck Deck 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What nerves / muscles are derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve, mylohyoid muscle, anterior belly of digastric muscle, tensor muscles, muscles of mastication.

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2
Q

What nerves / muscles are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial nerve, stylohoid muscle and ligament, post. belly of digastric, muscles of facial expression.

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3
Q

What nerves / muscles are derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

A

glossopharyngeal nerve, stylopharyngeus muscle.

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4
Q

What nerves / muscles are derived from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch?

A

Vagus nerve, cricothyroid muscle, pharyngeal constrictor muscles, intrinsic muscles of the larynx.

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5
Q

What separates the pharynx from the somatic neck?

A

retropharyngeal space

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6
Q

Where does lymph from the head and neck drain?

A

Drains into jugular trunks, then into the venous system usual at the brachiocephalic and subclavian trunks.

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7
Q

What are the borders of the submental triangle?

A

midline; anterior border of ant. belly of digastric; hyoid bone

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8
Q

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

A

anterior belly of digastric; posterior belly of digastric; mandible

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9
Q

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

A

posterior belly of the digastric; anterior border of the SCM; posterior border of the superior belly of the omohyoid.

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10
Q

Where is the the thyroid gland relative to the trachea?

A

The isthmus of the thyroid is anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings.

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11
Q

What do the thyroid and parathyroid glands produce?

A

thyroid: thyroid hormone (metabolic rate) and calcitonin (calcium metabolism).
parathyroid: parathyroid hormone (calcium and phosphorus metabolism).

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12
Q

What makes up the neurocranium?

A

bony case of the brain, includes calvarium and skull base.

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13
Q

What makes up the viscerocranium?

A

facial skeleton, develops primarily from the neural crest.

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14
Q

What are the four cutaneous branches of the cervical plexus?

A

great auricular; lesser occipital; supraclavicular; transverse cervical.

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15
Q

What are special afferent neurons?

A

neurons that mediate the senses of olfaction, sight, taste, hearing and equilibrium.

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16
Q

What are special visceral efferent neurons?

A

Motor control to skeletal muscles formed in pharyngeal arches (such as facial expression, mastication, pharyx)

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17
Q

What kind of muscles are the muscles of facial expression and where did they originate?

A

Special visceral efferent, originated is pharyngeal arch 2.

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18
Q

Facial nerve has three parts: motor, autonomic and sensation. What do they do and how do they get there?

A

1) Motor: facial nerve proper, muscles of facial expression + stylohyoid and post. belly of digastric.
2) autonomic (parasymp): lacrimal, nasal and palatal glands via pterygopalatine ganglion; submandibular, sublingual and tongue glands via submandibular ganglion.
3) senses: skin of ear, external auditory meatus, taste on anterior 2/3rd of tongue via geniculate ganglion.

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19
Q

What is the mumps and what causes it?

A

virus that causes painful swelling of parotid gland.

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20
Q

What are three important vessels that go through parotid gland.

A

external carotid, retromandibular vein, facial nerve proper.

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21
Q

How is the parotid nerve innervated and what do those nerves do?

A

1) parasympathetic is secretomotor (produces saliva). innervation is from IX, via otic ganglion, then piggybacks on auriculotemporal of V3.
2) sympathetic is vasoconstriction (produces more viscous saliva). innervation from superior cervical ganglion, piggybacks on middle meningeal artery, then otic ganglion and auriculotemporal nerve.

22
Q

What is the pterion?

A

location where parietal, frontal, temporal and sphenoid bones meet. Fracture can rupture a branch of the middle meningeal artery just deep to it.

23
Q

What muscle attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible, and what muscle attaches to the condylar process of the mandible?

A

coronoid process = temporalis

condylar process = lateral pterygoid muscle, which is attached to TMJ.

24
Q

What prevents dislocation of the TMJ?

A

articular process just anterior to mandibular fossa.

25
Q

What are the three ‘layers’ of the Temporomandibular joint?

A

mandibular fossa of temporal bone, articular disc, condylar process of the mandible.

26
Q

What muscles close the mouth?

A

temporalis, medial pterygoid, masseter.

27
Q

What muscles protrude the chin?

A

anterior part of masseter, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.

28
Q

What muscles pull the mandible posteriorly?

A

masseter and temporalis.

29
Q

What muscles move the mandible to one side?

A

ipsilateral temporalis and masseter muscles + contralateral lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.

30
Q

What kinds of muscles are involved in mastication and where do they form?

A

Special visceral efferent, formed in 1st pharyngeal arch. (same as tensor muscles, mylohyoid and at. belly of digastric).

31
Q

What are the general afferent branches of the mandibular nerve (V3)?

A

auriculotemporal; buccal; inferior alveolar (which enters mandibular foramen) and lingual.

32
Q

Where does the nerve to the mylohoid comes from?

A

V3 via inferior alveolar (innervates mylohyoid and ant. belly of digastric).

33
Q

The facial nerve leaves the skull by three routes - what are the routes and what goes through each?

A

1) facial nerve proper goes through stylomastoid foramen. (innervates muscles of facial expression).
2) chorda tympani goes through petrotympanic fissure (supplies tongue for taste and submandibular ganglion.
3) enters middle cranial fossa via unnamed foramen, becoming greater petrosal nerve goes through the pterygoid canal to reach the ptergopalatine ganglion (supplies nasal, lacrimal and palatal glands

34
Q

How does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Goes through the foramen spinosum.

35
Q

Where are the superficial arteries and brains of the head located?

A

in the subarachnoid space.

36
Q

What is the route of CSF?

A

Produced by choroid plexus, circulates through ventricles, enters subarachnoid space, leaves via arachnoid granulations, entering the venous system through one-way valves.

37
Q

what separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum?

A

cerebellar tentorium

38
Q

What separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

cerebral falx

39
Q

What parts of the brain sit in the anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossae?

A

Anterior: frontal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
Middle: temporal lobes of cerebral hemispheres
Posterior: cerebellum

40
Q

How do the dural sinus drain out of the head?

A

They drain into the internal jugular vein, which is a continuation of the sigmoid sinus at the jugular foramen. Basilar and occipital sinuses drain into the internal vertebral plexus.

41
Q

How do extra-cranial veins drain?

A

emissary veins connect dural venous sinuses with extra cranial veins. There are also diploid veins within the spongy bone that drain into the emissary veins.

42
Q

What nerves enter the internal acoustic meatus and which enter the jugular foramen?

A

internal acoustic meatus: VII, VIII

jugular forament: IX, X, XI

43
Q

What are the four sections of the internal carotid artery?

A

cervical; petrous; cavernous; cerebral (only cerebral part has branches).

44
Q 
What bones make up the:
1) roof
2) floor
3) medial wall
4) lateral wall
of the orbit?
A

roof: frontal bone
floor: zygomatic (lateral pt) and maxillary (medial pt) bones.
medial wall: ethmoid (posterior) and lacrimal (anterior) bones.
lateral wall: zygomatic and sphenoid (sort of ).
Also a little bit of palatine bond at the back.

45
Q

What connects the middle cranial fossa to the orbit?

A

optic canal and superior orbital fissure

46
Q

What connects the anterior cranial fossa to the orbit?

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina

47
Q

what connects the infratemporal and the pterygopalatine fossa with the orbit?

A

inferior orbital fissure (infratemp uses lateral side of fissure, pterygo uses medial side of fissure.

48
Q

what connects the orbit canal with the inferior meatus?

A

nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

What is the path of tears?

A

produced in lacrimal gland, washes over eye, enters lacrimal puncta -> lacrimal canaliculi -> lacrimal sac -> nasolacrimal duct -> inferior meatus of nasal cavity.

50
Q

What makes up the common tendinous ring and what travels within it?

A

Tendinous ring is made up of the 4 rectus muscles. Ophthalmic artery, optic, oculomotor, abducens and nasociliary nerves travel through as well.

51
Q

What makes up the common tendinous ring and what travels just outside it?

A

Tendinous ring is made up of the 4 rectus muscles. Levitator palpebrae superioris and superior oblique are just outside, as are IV, lacrimal and frontal nerves and superior and inferior ophthalmic veins.

Anatomy (4 decks)

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