Health Promotion

Question 1

Janis and Feshbach (1953)

Answer 1

Strong fear appeals are effective in creating a high degree of emotional tension but are ineffective in making people conform, especially if it elicits high degree of emotional tension without reassurance.

The level of fear arousal does not affect the amount of knowledge gained from the communication.

Question 2

Strong fear appeals are effective in creating a high degree of emotional tension but are ineffective in making people conform, especially if it elicits high degree of emotional tension without reassurance.

The level of fear arousal does not affect the amount of knowledge gained from the communication.

Answer 2

Janis and Feshbach (1953)

Question 3

Tannenbaum et al. (2015)

Answer 3

127 studies on fear appeals on diverse populations.

No evidence of cultural differences so fear appeals have a universal effect regardless of culture.

Question 4

127 studies on fear appeals on diverse populations.

No evidence of cultural differences so fear appeals have a universal effect regardless of culture.

Answer 4

Tannenbaum et al. (2015)

Question 5

Chung and Ahn (2013)

Answer 5

Found cultural differences in effects of fear appeals when researching South Korea and the United States, suggesting that different messages should be used depending on culture (e.g. wording, social acceptability, etc).

Question 6

Found cultural differences in effects of fear appeals when researching South Korea and the United States, suggesting that different messages should be used depending on culture (e.g. wording, social acceptability, etc).

Answer 6

Chung and Ahn (2013)

Question 7

Lewin et al. (1992)

Answer 7

Home-based self-rehabilitation programmes lead to improved psychological adjustment, lower rate of anxiety and depression, fewer visits to the GP and fewer cases of readmittance.

Question 8

Home-based self-rehabilitation programmes lead to improved psychological adjustment, lower rate of anxiety and depression, fewer visits to the GP and fewer cases of readmittance.

Answer 8

Lewin et al. (1992)

Question 9

Tapper et al. (2003)

Answer 9

Behaviour modification programmes using modelling and operant conditioning (rewards) can be very successful at changing children’s eating habits, both in the short and long term.

Question 10

Behaviour modification programmes using modelling and operant conditioning (rewards) can be very successful at changing children’s eating habits, both in the short and long term.

Answer 10

Tapper et al. (2003)

Question 11

Wang et al. (2015)

Answer 11

Behaviour modification programmes using modelling and operant conditioning (rewards) can be very successful in China, too.

Question 12

Behaviour modification programmes using modelling and operant conditioning (rewards) can be very successful in China, too.

Answer 12

Wang et al. (2015)

Question 13

Fox et al. (1987)

Answer 13

Token economy is a cost-effective way of significantly reducing work-related injuries in mining, leading to long-lasting changes in working practices.

Question 14

Token economy is a cost-effective way of significantly reducing work-related injuries in mining, leading to long-lasting changes in working practices.

Answer 14

Fox et al. (1987)

Question 15

Gassen et al. (2021)

Answer 15

People with a high clinical risk of getting Covid-19 severely did not appear to be more cautious in their behaviour than those people who were at lower risk, suggesting they may have been experiencing unrealistic optimism.
*However, unrealistic optimism can have health benefits by reducing worry which can increase mental wellbeing.

Question 16

People with a high clinical risk of getting Covid-19 severely did not appear to be more cautious in their behaviour than those people who were at lower risk, suggesting they may have been experiencing unrealistic optimism.
*However, unrealistic optimism can have health benefits by reducing worry which can increase mental wellbeing.

Answer 16

Gassen et al. (2021)

Question 17

Weinstein (1990)

Answer 17

• Higher levels of controllability and perceived probability, and having personal experiences increased unrealistic optimism. Desirability had no significant effect on unrealistic optimism for negative effects, even for life-threatening events.
• Listing factors that decrease or increase the chance of the event happening seems to decrease optimism to a certain extent. However, the results were still overall unrealistically optimistic for both negative and positive events.

Question 18

• Higher levels of controllability and perceived probability, and having personal experiences increased unrealistic optimism. Desirability had no significant effect on unrealistic optimism for negative effects, even for life-threatening events.
• Listing factors that decrease or increase the chance of the event happening seems to decrease optimism to a certain extent. However, the results were still overall unrealistically optimistic for both negative and positive events.

Answer 18

Weinstein (1990)

Question 19

Jefferson et al. (2017)

Answer 19

There is a conflict of opinion regarding whether unrealistic optimism reflects rational belief or is simply an expression of people’s desires and hopes for positive outcomes in their lives.

Question 20

There is a conflict of opinion regarding whether unrealistic optimism reflects rational belief or is simply an expression of people’s desires and hopes for positive outcomes in their lives.

Answer 20

Jefferson et al. (2017)

Question 21

Heine and Lehman (1995)

Answer 21

People from individualistic cultures (e.g. Canada) are more likely to show unrealistic optimism than people from collectivistic cultures (e.g. Japan).

Question 22

People from individualistic cultures (e.g. Canada) are more likely to show unrealistic optimism than people from collectivistic cultures (e.g. Japan).

Answer 22

Heine and Lehman (1995)

Question 23

Seligman (2004)

Answer 23

A 4-week seminar course with weekly assignments to increase optimism in university students by:

Celebrating graduation night

Having a pleasurable day

Using personal signature strengths in boring tasks to have a good life

Thinking about family strengths, role in the world and how they would be remembered to have a meaningful life.

Question 24

A 4-week seminar course with weekly assignments to increase optimism in university students by:

Celebrating graduation night

Having a pleasurable day

Using personal signature strengths in boring tasks to have a good life

Thinking about family strengths, role in the world and how they would be remembered to have a meaningful life.

Answer 24

Seligman (2004)

Question 25

Rodriguez (2013)

Answer 25

Ignoring negative thoughts can have unwanted effects on our wellbeing and mental health nor it does not allow us to accurately evaluate our experiences.

Question 26

Ignoring negative thoughts can have unwanted effects on our wellbeing and mental health nor it does not allow us to accurately evaluate our experiences.

Answer 26

Rodriguez (2013)