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Pericardium And Heart > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Atria are separated from the surface of the ventricles by the

A

Atrioventricular groove / coronary sulcus

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2
Q

External features of the heart

A

Apex
Base
Borders
Surfscesc

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3
Q

Apex of the heart is formed by the

A

Left ventricle

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4
Q

Where does the apex of heart lie and how

A

Directed downwards and forwards and to the left
At level of 5th left intercostal space 3.5 inches from midline and just medial to midclavicular line

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5
Q

Which is the point of maximum cardiac impulse (PMCI)

A

Apex beat , outermost lowers most thrust of cardiac contraction (during ventricular systole

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6
Q

When the apex is directed towards the right what happens

A

Dextrocardia .
Maybe associated with complete reversal of thoracic and abdominal viscera (situs incersus )

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7
Q

A complete reversal , of thoracic and abdominal viscera is called

A

Situs inversus

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8
Q

What is the right atrium made up of

A

A main cavity and a small out pouching called the auricle

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9
Q

External features of the right atrium

A
  1. Receives superiorvena cava and receives IVC at lower end
    2.upper anterior part prolonged to left to form right auricular appendage
    3.auricle overlaps the root of ascending aorta completely and infundibulum of right ventricle partly
    4.groove called sulcus terminalis , right border between SVC , IVC
    it’s upper border contains sinuatrial node (SA)
    Internally corresponds to crista terminalis
    5.vertical right atrioventricular groove lodges the right coronary artery and small cardiac vein
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10
Q

The shallow vertical groove that extends along the right border between the superior and inferior vena cava is , and it’s inner birder corresponds to

A

Sulcus terminalis
Cristae terminalis

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11
Q

The upper border of sulcus terminal contains

A

Sinuatrial node (SA)

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12
Q

The vertical right atrioventricular groove lodges the

A

Right coronary artery and small cardiac vein

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13
Q

The two parts of the interior of the right atrium .
They are separates by

A

Main smooth posterior - sinus venarum
Right anterior part - the atrium proper.
They are separated by crista terminalis

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14
Q

The septal wall of the right atrium

A

Developmentally it is derived from septum primum and septum secundum

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15
Q

The features of the septal wall

A
  1. Fossa ovalis , shallow oval /saucer shaped depression in lower part , BY septum primum
    Represents the site of foramen ovals in the fetus
  2. Annulus ovalis /limbus fossa ovalis - distinct upper lateral margin of fossa ovalis ,free edge of septum secundum, inferiorly it is continuous with the left end of they valve of IVC
  3. Triangle of Koch
  4. Torus aorticus
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16
Q

What is the triangle of Koch

A

*It is a feature of the septal wall of the right atrium
*triangle of Koch bounded by
Base of septal leaflet of tricuspid valse
Behind anterior margin of the opening of coronary sinus
Above tendon of todaro - subendocardial ridge ,
the *av node lies in this triangle

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17
Q

Tortus aorticus

A

Elevation in the anteroposterior part is septum produces due to bulging of the right posterior (non-coronary )sinus of ascending aorta

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18
Q

How does the right auricle cause pulmonary embolism

A

The sponge like interior of right auricle , prevent free flow of blood , favors thrombus formation
The thrombin dislodge during auricular fibrillation and cause

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19
Q

Venous blood from the heart is drained into RA by

A

Coronary Sinus
Anterior cardiac veins
Venue cordis minimae (Thebesian veins )

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20
Q

What is angina pectoris

A

Cardiac pain which occurs in exertion due to the narrowing of the coronary artery / arteries or their major branches . Pain relieved on resting .

21
Q

Precordium

A

Region in front of the chest

22
Q

Origin of right and left coronary arteries

A

Right coronary - anterior aortic sinus at the root of ascending aorta
Left coronary - left posterior aortic sinus

23
Q

What is the tendon of Todaro

A

(A subendocardial ridge )

24
Q

Triangle of Koch

A
25
Q

Vasa vasorum of the ascending aorta

A

Coronary arteries
(Not end arteries ), they behave as end arteries

26
Q

Where on the surface does the coronary arteries and their branches run

A

Surface of the heart lying within the subpericardial fibrofatty tissue

27
Q

Right coronary artery , left origin

A

Right coronary artery arises from the anterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta ,immediately above the aortic valve

Left posterior aortic sinus of aa , immediately above the aortic valve

28
Q

Course of the right coronary artery

A

After arising from -#
The right coronary artery first runs forward between the pulmonary trunk and right auricle

29
Q

Where does the arch of aorta begin and terminate

A

Sternal angle
Termination very close to the left side of T4 vertebra

30
Q

The summit of the arch of aorta reaches

A

The level of middle to manubrium sterni

31
Q

Course of arch of aorta

A
  1. Begins at the level of the right 2nd costal cartilage
    2.runs upwards , backwards, to the left in front of the bifurcation of trachea ( begins anteriorly , ends posteriorly )
    3.reached the middle middle of manubrium , turns backward and downwards behind the left bronchus up to the level of lower borde of T4
  2. Then it continues as the descending aorta
    It arches over the root of left lung
32
Q

Relation of the arch of aorta , anterior and to the left

A

Left phrenic nerve
Left vagus nerve
Left cardiac nerves (superior cervical cardiac branch of left sympathetic chain
Inferior cardiac branch of left vagus nerve )
Left superior intercostal vein

33
Q

Relations of the aorta posterior and to the right

A

Trachea
esophagus
Thoracic duct
vertebral column
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

34
Q

Inferior relations of the arch of aorta

A

Left bronchus
Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk
Ligamentum arteriosclerosis
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Superficial cardiac plexus

35
Q

Superior relation of the arch of aorta

A

Thymus
BC vein
BC Trunk
Left common carotid
Left subclavian

36
Q

What is the occasional fourth branch of arch of aorta

A

Thyroidea ima artery

37
Q

The aortic arch develops from

A

Aortic sac
Left horn of aortic sac
Left fourth aortic arch artery
Left dorsal aorta (between the attachment of fourth aortic arch )and seventh cervical intersegmental artery

38
Q

Length of each muscle fibre and their innervation and where is the nerve

A

Extends the entire length of the muscle
Except 2% , each fibre is usually innervated by one nerve ending
Nerve located near the middle

39
Q

Describe the sarcolemma

A

Thin membrane enclosing a skeletal muscle fiber , consists of a true cell membrane called plasma membrane .
Outer coat of thin layer of polysaccharides contains numerous thin colleges fibres
Each end of muscle fiber , surface layer of sarcolemma fuses with a tendon fiber
Tendon fibres collect into bundles to form muscle tendons that connect the muscles to bones

40
Q

Myofibrils are composed of

A

Actin and myosin
1500 myosin and 3000 actin filaments .
Large polymerised protein molecules responsible for muscle contraction

41
Q

The light bands of striated muscles

A

Contain actin filaments , and are called I bands . I -isotopic to polarised light

42
Q

The dark bands

A

Contain myosin as well as the ends of actin filaments where they overlap myosin and are called Abands

43
Q

What causes contraction

A

Interaction between cross- bridges and the actin filament . Crossbrifgrs j

44
Q

Right coronary dominance

A

The posterior IV artery = branch of the right coronary artery
90% individuals

Left = post IV artery from circumflex branch of left coronary artery

45
Q

The lymphatics of the rights and left trunk of the heart drains into

A

Right trunk into brachiocephalic nodes
Left trunk into tracheobronchial( at bifurcation of the trachea )

46
Q

Venae cordis minimae aka

A

Thebes Ian veins
Extremely small in all four chambers of the heart
Open directly into respective chamber
Most numerous in right atrium

47
Q

Coronary sinus develops from the

A

Left horn of the sinus venous and left common cardinal vein

48
Q

What is aka the vein of Marshall . And develops from

A

Oblique vein of the left atrium .
Left common cardinal vein duct of Cuvier )

49
Q

N

A

Pericardium And Heart (1 decks)

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