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Spring '14 Pathophysiology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular injury results in __________ of the cell.

A

inflammation

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2
Q

Cell-programmed death is called_____________.

A

apoptosis

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3
Q

Rapid injury, or severe damage causes cell death but this is (apoptosis/ necrosis)

A

Necrosis

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4
Q

Once the cell membrane is damaged, and the cells internal contents spill outside the cell an ________________ response is triggered.

A

inflammatory

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5
Q

The body’s blood cell do what 3 things for the body?

A
  1. Transports nutrients and waste
  2. Offers defense from microorgansims
  3. Regulates acid/base status
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6
Q

What is the plasma made up of?

A

90% water, 10% solutes (like colloids, proteins, albumin, anything that can affect oncotic pressure)

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7
Q

The blood is made up of ________ and __________.

A

Plasma and formed elements (aka cells)

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8
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  • Plasma
  • Water
  • Plasma proteins
  • electrolytes
  • gases
  • nutrients
  • waste
  • hormones
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9
Q

What percentage of the blood is plasma proteins?

A

7%

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10
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesized?

A

In the liver

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11
Q

Name 3 plasma proteins synthesized in the liver.

A
  • albumin
  • globulins
  • clotting factors
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12
Q

Globulins are associated with______________.

A

immunity.

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13
Q

Albumin makes up what percentage of the plasma proteins.

A

Albumin makes up 60% of the plasma proteins.

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14
Q

What is the plasma made of?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma Proteins
  • Electrolytes
  • Gases
  • Nutrients
  • Waste
  • Hormones
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15
Q

What percentage of the plasma is made up of plasma proteins?

A

7%

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16
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesized?

A

They are synthesized in the liver

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17
Q

Are albumin molecules large or small?

A

large

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18
Q

Do albumin molecules exert oncotic pressure?

A

Yes

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19
Q

Do albumin molecules act as carrier molecules?

A

Yes

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20
Q

What do carrier molecules of albumin do?

A

They communicate hormones through the blood, they hydrophobic hormones that need transporters.

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21
Q

Name 3 different types of globulins.

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
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22
Q

What do alpha and beta globulins do?

A

transport lipids, and fat soluble vitamins

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23
Q

What do gamma globulins do?

A

They are part of the immune response.

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24
Q

Where are gamma globulins synthesized?

A

They are synthesized by lymphocytes (plasma cells) in the lymph nodes.

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25
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

a clotting factor.

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26
Q

What shape can platelets be in?

A

Normally, they are round and smooth but when they are activated, they get tenticle like projections

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27
Q

Which cells are spherical with irregular surfaces with numerous extending pili

A

Leukocytes

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28
Q

These cells are flattened spheres with a depressed center.

A

Erythrocytes

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29
Q

What shape are RBC?

A

they are non-nucleated cytoplasmic disks

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30
Q

What are 2 physical characteristics of RBCs that aid in their function?

A
  • They are biconcave- aids with gas diffusion
  • the are reversibly deformable- allows they to squeeze through tight spots.
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31
Q

What is the normal amount of RBCs in our blood?

A

4.2-6.2 million/ mm cubed

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32
Q

What is the main function of the RBC?

A

O2/ CO2 gas exchange

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33
Q

What is the life cycle of a RBC?

A

120 days

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34
Q

Which of the blood cells has the longest life?

A

RBCs. They live for 120 days

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35
Q

Which of the blood cells has the shortest life?

A

The platelet (lives only a week)

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36
Q

Do leukocytes (WBCs) have a nucleus?

A

Yes

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37
Q

What is the size of a leukocyte?

A

5-10,000 mm3

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38
Q

What 2 things to leukocytes do?

A
  1. Defend against infection
  2. Remove debris
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39
Q

How are leukocytes classified?

A

into to two groups, based on their granule status. Agranulocytes and Granulocytes

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40
Q

Of the granulocytes, all of these cells act as_______________.

A

Phagocytes

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41
Q

Name the 4 phagocytes that belong to the granulocyte family

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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42
Q

Of the agranulocytes, what 2 subtypes are there?

A
  • phagocytes
  • immunocytes
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43
Q

The two types of phagocytes from the agranulocyte familly are:

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
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44
Q

What are the 2 types of immunocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells (granular in nature)
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45
Q

The granulocytes have ___________ in their cytoplasm.

A

membrane bound granules

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46
Q

There are two forms of granules in the granulocytes, they are:

A
  1. digestive enzymes
  2. biochemical mediators
47
Q

What do the digestive enzymes in granulocytes do?

A
  • Kill microorganisms
  • catabolize debris
48
Q

What do the biochemical mediators in granulocytes do?

A

cause inflammatory and immune response.

49
Q

Leukocytes can move by diapedis, what does this mean?

A

They can leak directly through an intact vessel wall of a capillary, this is due to inflammation

50
Q

What is meant by amooeboid movement of WBCs?

A

The WBC can grow a foot like structure from its gel cytoplasm that shoots out and propels the cell in the direction it wants to go.

51
Q

Neutrophils are also known as:

A

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PNM)

52
Q

What percentage of WBCs are neutrophils?

A

55%

53
Q

WBCs reach maturity in the __________.

A

bone marrow

54
Q

What is the lifespan of a WBC?

A

4 days

55
Q

What is the role of the neutrophil in early inflammation?

A

Neutrophils act as phagocytes cleaning up cellular debris

56
Q

What percentage of WBCs are eosinophils?

A

1-4%

57
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

They ingest antibody-antigen complexes

58
Q

What role to eosinophils play in inflammation?

A

They are part of the recovery phase. They ingest antigen-antibody complexes

59
Q

What percentage of WBCs are basophils?

A

< 1%

60
Q

Which of the WBCs are considered the ‘first responders’ of the immune system?

A

Neutrophils

61
Q

Are there macrophages that live in tissue that can respond faster than a neutrophil?

A

Yes, for example, Kuppfer cells in the liver are macrophages, so they can start acting in the liver before neutrophils get there.

62
Q

Are basophils vasoactive amines?

A

Yes

63
Q

What is meant by vasoactive amine?

A

a vasoactive amine is a substance containing amino groups, such as histamine or serotonin that acts on the blood vessel to alter their permeability or cause vasodilation.

64
Q

Name 3 vasoactive amines.

A
  1. histamine
  2. serotonin
  3. heparin
65
Q

Mast cells release what 3 things?

A
  • histamine
  • chemotactic factors
  • cytokines
66
Q

Mast cells are found in ____________ tissue.

A

vascularized connective

67
Q

What does the release of histamine, chemotactic factors, and cytokines do to vascular permeability?

A

causes rapid blood vessel permeability

68
Q

Mast cells play a role in which 3 physiological events?

A
  • acute/chronic inflammation
  • fibrotic disorders
  • wound healing
69
Q

Our T and B cells are both part of what family of WBCs?

A

lymphocytes

70
Q

Lyphocytes make up what percentage of WBCs?

A

25-33%

71
Q

Do lymphocytes have a nucleus?

A

Yes, they are mononuclear

72
Q

Do lymphocytes contain digestive vacuoles?

A

No

73
Q

When does a B cell become a plasma cell?

A

When it starts secreting the antibody

74
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes are natural killer cells?

A

5-10%

75
Q

Are natural killer cells granular?

A

Yes, even though they are classified as a lymphocyte, they are granular.

76
Q

Are monocytes and macrophages larger or smaller than granulocytes?

A

larger

77
Q

Do monocytes and macrophages have more or fewer digestive vacuoles than granulocytes?

A

fewer

78
Q

What is the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)?

A

It is the macrophages that live in the tissue, like the Kuppfer cells of the liver.

79
Q

Where do the macrophages of the MPS originate?

A

They originate in the bone marrow as monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes.

80
Q

Once in the peripheral blood, the cells of the MPS are:

A

The monocytes get released into peripheral blood.

81
Q

In the MPS system, once the monocytes have been in the peripheral blood where do they go?

A

They mature and settle in the tissues as mature macrophages.

82
Q

What do the macrophages of the MPS system do (the ones that live in the tissues)?

A

they ingest and destroy microorganisms and foreign material, debris, and defective/ dead cells.

83
Q

The macrophages of the liver and spleen do what?

A

they cleanse the blood

84
Q

Describe the physical characteristics of platelets.

A

Platelets are fragments of megakaryocytes. They break off from this and the fragment becomes our platelet.

They are disk shaped cytoplasmic fragments.

85
Q

What is a normal platelet count?

A

140,000- 300,000 mm3

86
Q

Do platelets have secretory vesicles?

A

Yes, they contain active particles for coagulation.

87
Q

What do platelets do?

A

blood coagulation and control of bleeding

88
Q

Do platelets release biochemical mediators (serotonin and histamine)?

A

Yes

89
Q

Where are reserves of platelets stored?

A

In the spleen

90
Q

How long do platelets live?

A

10 days

91
Q

What does the lymphoid system link?

A

The hematologic and immune systems.

92
Q

What are the 2 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  • thymus
  • bone marrow
93
Q

Where do T cells and B cells develop?

A

The primary lymphoid organs, the thymus and bone marrow

94
Q

What are the 4 seconday lymphoid organs?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • Peyer’s patches
95
Q

What is the largest seconary lympoid organ?

A

The spleen

96
Q

What is splenic pulp?

A

Masses of lymphoid tissue. Can be red pulp or white pulp

97
Q

What does the white splenic pulp respond to ?

A

bloodborne pathogens

98
Q

What does the red splenic pulp respond to?

A

internal or native host cell problems

99
Q

What makes up the white splenic pulp?

A
  • mononuclear phagocytes (cleanse/filter the blood)
  • lymphoctyes (immune response to bloodborne pathogens)
100
Q

What makes up the red splenic pulp?

A
  • It is the principle filtration site
  • Performs phagocytosis of old, damaged, and dead blood cells. (mainly erythrocytes)
  • hemoglobin catabolism (breaks down hemoglobin and releases bilirubin)
101
Q

Does the spleen store blood?

A

Yes the spleen acts as a reservoir and stores blood in large venous sinuses.

102
Q

Describe the hematopoietic pathway.

A
103
Q

Describe the lymphopoietic pathway

A
104
Q

What is hematopoeisis?

A

Blood cell production, prolieration, and differntiation

105
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place in embryonic development?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
106
Q

Where does hematopoiesis take place once a child is born and through adulthood?

A

bone marrow

107
Q

What is meant by myeloid, in relation to bone marrow?

A

It is the granulocyte precursor to bone marrow.

108
Q

What is meant by medullary, in relation to bone marrow?

A

It is the marrow in the bone shaft. It is the red and yellow marrow.

109
Q

What are the 2 types of marrow?

A
  • Red- active- hematopoietic tissue
  • Yellow- inactive- adipose tissue
110
Q

If we do a bone marrow biopsy and find a larger percentage of yellow marrow, what can we assume about the red marrow?

A

there must be a decrease in red marrow.

111
Q

Does hematopoiesis take place in extrameduallary sites?

A

Not usually. This only happens in diseased states.

112
Q

Why does hematopoiesis occur?

A

to replace red blood cells

113
Q
A

Spring '14 Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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