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HES 101 > HES 101 MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

HES 101 MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of muscle tissues?

A

Creates movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, generates heat, and regulates flow of materials through hollow organs.

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle

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3
Q

What is skeletal muscle made up of? Are contractions voluntary or involuntary? What are they attached to?

A

Made up of long, multi nucleated cells arranged parallel to one another. Contractions are voluntary. Most are attached by connective tissue to skeleton.

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4
Q

How many nucleus do cardiac muscles contain? Is contraction voluntary? What kind of discs are in cardiac muscle? What is there function

A

Short and highly branched with one nucleus. Involuntary contractions. Contains intercalated discs that join adjacent cells together. Produces beating of the heart.

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5
Q

How many nucleus does smooth muscle have? What does it line? Are contractions voluntary or involuntary.

A

Smooth muscle tissue has one single nucleus. Lines most hollow organs, also eye, skin and some glandular ducts. Involuntary contractions.

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6
Q

What are myofibrils and what are they made up of?

A

Most abundant organelle of muscle fibres. Made up of mostly contractile proteins.

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7
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Surrounds myofibrils. Stores and releases calcium ions.

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8
Q

What are transverse tubules? What do they surround and what do they form? What are they filled with?

A

Deep inward extensions of sarcolemma. Surround each myofibrils and form tunnel like networks within muscles. Filled with extracellular fluid.

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9
Q

What are terminal cisternae?

A

Enlarged sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

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10
Q

What are three types of myofilaments?

A

Thick filaments, Thin filaments, Elastic filaments?

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11
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

Bundles of contractile protein myosin

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12
Q

What are thin filaments

A

Proteins- actin tropomyosin, and troponin

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13
Q

What are elastic filaments

A

Single massive spring like structural protein (titian)

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14
Q

MYOSIN: How are globular heads linked? How are heads connected to tails? What does each head contain? What do myosin tails from opposite ends do?

A

Globular heads at each end that link by intertwining tails. Heads are connected to tails by hinge like neck. Each head has an actin site that binds with actin. Myosin tails from opposite sides are anchored together by the m line.

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15
Q

ACTIN: When multiple actin subunits string together, what does it form? What does each bead shape actin have and what does it bind with?

A

Multiple actin subunits string together and form two intertwining strands in functional thin filament. Each bead shape actin has active site which binds with myosin head.

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16
Q

TROPOMYOSIN: What does tropomyosin look like. What does it twist around and what does it cover?

A

Long, rope like protein. Twists around actin and covers up actin sites.

17
Q

TROPONIN: What kind of proteins are they?

A

Small globular regulatory proteins that hold tropomyosin in place and assists with turning contractions on and off.

18
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The smallest functional units of a skeletal muscle.

19
Q

Where is the I band

A

Only in thin filaments

20
Q

What are Z discs. What are they composed of? What do the structural proteins do?

A

In the middle of I band composed of structural proteins. Anchor thin filaments in place, serve as an attachment point for elastic filaments, attaches sarcomeres to owner another across entire diameter of muscle fibres.

21
Q

What does the A band contain? What does it generate

A

Contains the zone of overlap with both thin and thick filaments. generates tension during contraction

22
Q

What is the H zone and what does it consist of?

A

Middle of A band where only thick filaments exists.

23
Q

What is the M line. What do thick filaments hold sin place.

A

Dark line in middle of A band. Structural proteins hold thick filaments in place and serve as anchoring point for elastic ligaments

24
Q

Where does the sarcomere extend from?

A

Extends from one Z discs to next and is the functional unit of contraction.

25
Q

What do myosin heads to attach to?

A

Attach to actin which pulls thin filaments towards M line. Brings Z disc closer together.

26
Q

How are sarcomeres arranged?

A

Arranged end to end within each myofibrils. During contraction they shorten whole muscle fibre.

27
Q

What is the cross bridge formation?

A

When myosin and actin are bound to each other

28
Q

What is the cross bridge cycling?

A

The on and off interaction between myosin and actin that pulls thin filaments towards M line.

29
Q

When is the cross bridge cycle initiated?

A

When myosin binding site on actin (active site) is exposed.

30
Q

What are the 4 steps of the Cross Bridge Cycle

A

ATP Hydrolosis, Crossbrideg formation, Power stroke, Detatchment

31
Q

What happens during ATP hydrolysis

A

Myosin head becomes cocked once ATP is bound and energy is gathered through ATP hydrolysis

32
Q

What happens during cross bridge formation?

A

Myosin binds to actin at 90 degree angle relative to thick filament

33
Q

What happens during the power stroke?

A

ADP and PI are released from myosin. This causes myosin to pull actin towards the M line as it pivots to a relaxed position. Cross bridge is at 45 degree angle relative to thick filament.

34
Q

What happens during detatchment

A

Another ATP binds to myosin and this breaks the attachment to actin

35
Q

What is the contraction cycle

A

May repeat as long as a stimulus to contract continues and ATP is available.

36
Q

What happens during the contraction cycle? For an average contraction, how often will the process repeat

A

Myosin head re cocked binds to first actin molecules and power stroke repeats. Myosin binds to second actin and so on all over again. For average contraction, process will repeat about 20-40 times for each myosin head in each sarcomere.

HES 101 (12 decks)

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