Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 5: Histopathology JK > Histo - resp > Flashcards

Histo - resp Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 vs 2 Pneumocytes?

A

Type 1 : Flat - for gas exchange
Type 2 : Produce Surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What cell types are airways lined by?

A

Ciliated cells - waft mucus and act as part of mucosal defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define Asthma and how does it present?

A

Widespread narrowing of the airways that changes in severity
- S/S include wheezing, Acute SOB, status asthmaticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes and associations of Asthma?

A
  • Allergens and atopy (including house dust mites)
  • Pollution
  • Drugs (esp NSAIDs)
  • Occupational Exposure (inhaled gases and fumes)
  • Diet
  • cold/exertion
    + Underlying genetic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pathogenesis of asthma?

A
  1. Sensitisation to allergen
    - absorbed by APC in airway, presented to T cell
    - Th2 / type 2 response - triggers IgE class switch on B cell
    - IgE bind to mast cells and eosinophils
    IL3/5
  2. Immediate phase
    - mast cells degranulate : increased vascular permeability, brochochspasm, mucus production and inflammatory cell infiltration
  3. Late phase
    - tissue damage, muscle hypertrophy and hyperinflation/mucus plugs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Histology findings for asthma

A
  1. Hyperemia
  2. Eosinophilic inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia
  3. hypertrophic constricted muscle
  4. mucus plugging and inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

COPD- Chronic bronchitis - define

A

Chronic cough, productive of sputum for mist days for at least 3 months over at least 2 consecutive years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

COPD/Bronchitis causes?

A

Smoking
Air pollution
Occupational exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

COPD/Bronchitis : Macroscopic histology

A
  1. Dilation of the airways
  2. Hypertrophy mucous glands
  3. goblet Cell hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complications of COPD

A
  • Repeated infections
  • Chronic hypoxia and reduced exercise tolerance
  • Pulmonary HTN and RHF
    -increased risk of lung damage independant to smoking
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bronchiectasis - define

A

Permanent abnormal dilation of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of bronchiectasis

A
  1. congenital
  2. Inflamatory
    - post infections (++CF in kids)
    - Ciliary dyskinesia (1y kartnegers or 2y)
    - Obstruction
    - post-inflammatory/aspiration
    - secondary to bronchiolar disease and interstitial fibrosis
    - systemic disorders (CTD)
    -asthma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Compliations fo bronchiectasis

A
  • Recurrent infection
    -haemoptysis
  • Pul HTN/RHF
  • amyloidosis from recurrent inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Macroscopic histology of bronchiectasis

A

Massively dilated airway with mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CF - Genetics

A

AR Ch7q3 mutation
- CFTR gene mutation leads to constant Cl- ion channel open = thick sticky mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CF - s/s

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define pulmonary oedema?

A

Accumulation of fluid in alveolar spaces as a consequence of “leaky capillaries” or back pressure from LVF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of pulmonary oedema?

A

LHF
Alveolar injury
neurogenic
high altitude

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pathology of acute and chronic pulmonary oedema?

A

Acute : heavy water lungs, intra-alveolar fluid
Chronic : Iron laden macrophages and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage - definition and pathogenesis. CXR findings?

A

Pattern of diffuse lung Injury leading to rapid onset respiratory failure

CXR : white out of lung

Pathogenesis : Acute damage to endothelium ± alveoli leading to an exudative inflammatory reaction

21
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage - causes in adults vs kids

A

Adults : ARDS (Infection, aspiration, trauma sepsis, shock, DIC, pancreatitis, OD)

Kids : Hyaline membrane disease of newborn (insufficient surfactant ++ PTL)

22
Q

Phases of diffuse alveolar damage?

A
23
Q

Diffuse alveolar damage : outcomes

A

40% death
superimposed infection
residual fibrous scarring of lung

24
Q

Bronchopneumonia vs lobar pneumonia

A
25
Q

Causes and pathology of bronchopneumonia?

A

Elderly = compromised host defence
-low virulence organism : Steph, Strep, Haemophulis, pneumococcus
- pathology : patchy bronchial/peribronchial distribution ++ lower lobes

acute inflammation therefore neutrophils

26
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Bacterial infection of entire lobe
- high virulence (++ Strep pneumonia)

27
Q

Pathology of lobar pneumonia

A

Widespread fibrinosuppurative consolidation

28
Q

COPD - Emphysema. Define and Causes

A

Permenant loss of alveolar parenchyma distal to terminal bronchiole, caused by alveolar epithelial damage

  • Smoking
    A1AT deficiency
    Rate - IVDU/CTD
29
Q

Pathogenesis of emphysema

A
30
Q

Emphysema : pathological differences between smoking caused and A1AT cause??

A

Smoking - Centrilobular (loss centred on bronchiole)
A1ATd - Diffuse loss of alveola/ panacinar

31
Q

Main Causes of Fibrosing lung disease?

A

IPF
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (farmers lung)
Industrial lung diseases (pneumoconiosis)P

32
Q

pathology of fibrosing lung disease

A
33
Q

VTE/PE differences between outcome of large and small emboli

A

Small : haemorraghic infarct, pleuritis chest pain and acute SOB
Large : occlude main trunk - ++ sudden death, acute RHF and shock

34
Q

Define Pul HTN

A

> 25mmhg at rest

35
Q

Causes of Pul HTN

A
  1. Pre-capillary
    a. vasoconstrictive - chronic hypoxia, hyperkinetic congenital, liver disease, CTD
    b. Embolic
  2. Capillary : widespread fibrosis
  3. Post-Capillary : veno-occlusive disease/ LHF
36
Q

Lung tumour types:

A

1) Benign - no mets but mass effect
2) Malignant (mostly epithelial)
- SCLC
- non small cell - squamous, adeno and large cell

37
Q

Causes of lung cancer

A

smoking
-asbestos
- radiation
-air pollution
-heavy metals
- genetic predisposition

38
Q

Squamous cell lung cancer - pathogenesis

A

-

39
Q

Invasive squamous cell carcinoma

A
40
Q

Adenocarcinoma of lung

A

usually in distal lung

41
Q

Invasive adenocarcinoma

A
42
Q

Large Cell lung cancer

A
43
Q

SCLC

A

Non differentiation, just fast growing.

Histology - poorly differentiated, quick to spread, poor prognosis

44
Q

Which lung cancer types are more chemosensitive?

A

SCLC

45
Q

Adenocarinoma tx?

A
  • EFGR/ALK/Ros1 immunotherapy
46
Q

What is the EGFR gene and how is it targeted to tx lung cancer?

A

Tyrosine Kinase, implicated in adenocarcinoma

  • CEtuximav, erlotinib / TKi to block pathways to restrict or limit tumour growth
47
Q

What do ALK translocation/Ros1 adenocarcinomas respond to?

A

crizotinib

48
Q

What ligand is implicated in lung cancer

A

PDL1

YEAR 5: Histopathology JK (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions