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PLE Reviewer - ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY COPY > Histology of Bone and Other Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology of Bone and Other Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Type of tissue composed of cells relatively few and far apart, with abundant intercellular substance containing tissue fluid and fibers

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Three major components of connective tissue

A
  1. fibers (collagenous, reticular, elastic)
  2. ground substance
  3. connective tissue cells
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3
Q

Type of connective tissue that:

  • binds bones and other tissues to each other
  • is composed of alpha-polypeptide chains
  • is located in the tendon, ligament, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, gut, intervertebral disc
A

Collagenous tissue

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4
Q

Type of connective tissue that:

  • allows organs like arteries and lungs to recoil
  • is composed elastic microfibrils and elastin
  • is located in the extracellular matrix, respiratory tract, blood vessels, walls of the ligamentum flava
A

Elastic tissue

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5
Q

Type of connective tissue that:

  • forms a scaffolding for other cells
  • is composed of type III collagen fibers and agyrophilic fibers that support hematopoetic and lymphoid organs
  • is located in the liver, bone marrow, lymphatic organs
A

Reticular tissue

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6
Q

Type of collagenous tissue that mainly supports epithelial tissue, acting as SUPPORT STRUCTURES which are normally under friction/pressure; this also has an important role in providing a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation

Found in the papillary layer of the dermis, most of the hypodermis

A

Loose connective tissue (or areolar tissue)

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7
Q

Type of collagenous tissue that mainly RESIST STRETCHING AND TEARING and also mainly provides a medium for oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from capillaries to cells, and carbon dioxide and waste substances to diffuse from cells back into circulation

Found in capsules and linings: organ capsules, periosteum, perimyseum, perichondrium, perineurium, the reticular layer of the dermis

A

Dense irregular tissue

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8
Q

Type of collagenous tissue that forms ORGANIZED STRUCTURES

Found in tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, specialized organs of the cornea

A

Dense regular tissue

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9
Q

Most abundant, most numerous protein in the human body

A

Collagen

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10
Q

Type of collagen found in dermis, bone, tendon, fibrocartilage

A

Type I

mnemonic: sk1n, bONE

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11
Q

Type of collagen found in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage

A

Type II

mnemonic: carTWOlage

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12
Q

Type of collagen found in reticular fibers, used in wound healing

A

Type III

mnemonic: reTHREEculin

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13
Q

Type of collagen found in basal lamina

A

Type IV

mnemonic: BASEMENT membrane; basement below the FOUR/”floor”

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14
Q

Type of collagen found in the fetal membrane

A

Type V

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15
Q

Type of collagenous tissue in which macrophages are most abundant

A

Loose connective tissue (or areolar tissue)

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16
Q

Stem cell precursor of most connective tissue cells

A

Mesenchymal cell

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17
Q

Cell responsible for IMMEDIATE hypersensitivity reactions

A

Mast cell

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18
Q

Normal connective tissue cell with the characteristic signet ring appearance

A

Adipose cell

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19
Q

Normal cell that can be recognized by the arrangement of its heterochromatin granules:

  • seen in areas of inflammation
  • produces antibodies
  • arrangement of granules give a cartwheel or spokewheel appearance to the nucleus
A

Plasma cell

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20
Q

Hardest tissue of the body, histologically classified according to its collagenous organization as woven or lamellar

A

Bone

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21
Q

Cell that secretes the ground substance in connective tissue

A

Fibroblast

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22
Q

Bone matrix is mostly made up of a composite material incorporating the inorganic mineral calcium phosphate in this specific chemical arrangement that is responsible for a bone’s rigidity

A

Calcium hydroxylapatite

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23
Q

The elastic protein which improves fracture resistance of bone

A

Collagen type I (or ossein)

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24
Q

Type of bone that composes the hard outer layer of bones, made up of the Haversian system of multiple interconnected microscopic columns called osteons

A

Cortical bone (or compact bone)

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25
Q

Main unit of the Haversian system of cortical bone

A

Osteon

26
Q

4 parts of the osteon

A
  1. Haversian canal (CENTRAL CANAL)
  2. lamellae (CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE)
  3. osteocytes & osteoblasts (CELLS IN MULTIPLE LAYERS)
  4. canaliculi (CANALS)

(mnemonic: 4C’s of Cortical/Compact bone)

27
Q

Type of bone that makes up the internal tissue of the bone, characterized as an open, cell porous network; here, thin formations of osteoblasts covered in endosteum create an irregular network of spaces known as trabeculae

A

Cancellous bone (or trabecular/spongy bone)

28
Q

This is the space found in cancellous/trabecular/spongy bone in which bone bone marrow and hematopoietic stem cells that give rise to platelets, red blood cells and white blood cells are located

A

Trabecula (pl. trabeculae)

29
Q

Histologic type of bone characterized by a haphazard organization of collagen fibers:

  • mechanically weak
  • smaller number of randomly oriented collagen fibers, but forms quickly
  • initial formation that follows a bone fracture, later replaced by its more mechanically stronger counter-part
  • predominant bone type in Paget’s disease of the bone
A

Woven bone (or fibrous bone)

30
Q

Histologic type of bone filled with a more numerous and orderly organiztion of collagen fibers:

  • mechanically stronger
  • formation slower than its weaker and less organized counter-part
  • first appearance in humans in the fetus during the third trimester
  • collagen fibers parallel to other fibers in the same layer, allowing for the creation of parallel columnar units of bone called osteons
A

Lamellar bone

31
Q

Process in which woven bone initially forms to correct a bone fracture, but is later resorbed and replace by lamellar bone

A

Bony substitution

32
Q

At right angles, connects osteon to another osteon

A

Volkmann canal

33
Q

Depression in the bony matrix in which osteoclasts can be found

A

Howship lacuna (pl. Howship lacunae)

34
Q

Bundles of periosteal collagen fibers that penetrate the bone matrix, binding the periosteum to bone

A

Sharpey fiber

35
Q

Hormone that decreases calcium level:

  • osteoblastic (inhibits osteoclast activity)
  • also inhibits renal tubular cell reabsorption of calcium (and phosphate), allowing excretion through the urine
A

Calcitonin (or thyrocalcitonin)

36
Q

2 types of cells in the thyroid gland and their main hormonal secretions

A
  1. Follicular cell = thyroid hormone (T3, T4)

2. Parafollicular cell (or C cell) = calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)

37
Q

2 types of cells in the parathyroid gland and their main hormonal secretions

A
  1. Chief cell = parathyroid hormone (PTH)

2. Oxyphil cell = unknown function

38
Q

Hormone that increases calcium level:

  • osteoclastic (promotes osteoclast activity)
  • reabsorption of Ca in the distal tubules and the collecting ducts of the kidney
  • inhibits reabsorption of phosphate from the tubular fluid; phosphate ions form water-insoluble salts with calcium, thus, a decrease in the plasma phosphate increases the amount of ionized calcium in the blood
  • stimulation of the conversion of 25-hydroxy vitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol), which is released into the circulation; calcitriol stimulates calcium uptake from the intestine via calbindin
A

Parathyroid hormone

39
Q

Bone mineralization disorder in which the bone progressively softens due to reduced vitamin D, which may result from a reduced osteoblast activity while osteoclast activity remains normal or elevated

A

Osteomalacia

40
Q

Juvenile bone mineralization disorder from a gross deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus

A

Rickets

41
Q

Bone mineralization disorder resulting in bone fragility and fractures

A

Osteoporosis

42
Q

Disease of ossification centers of bone in children

A

Osteochondrosis

43
Q

The main glycosaminoglycans in bone and cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

44
Q

The main glycosaminoglycans in the umbilical cord

A

Hyaluronic acid

45
Q

The main glycosaminoglycans in the skin

A

Dermatan sulfate

46
Q

The main glycosaminoglycans in the aorta, lung, liver, basal laminae

A

Heparan sulfate

47
Q

The main glycosaminoglycans in the cornea

A

Keratan sulfate

48
Q

The 2 main component of the extracellular matrix GROUND SUBSTANCE and their main functions

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - lubrication, water-retention

2. Proteglycans - ECM “filler”, shock-absorber, resists pressure forces

49
Q

Mechanism of fetal bone development:

  • involves the rudimentary flat bones of the skull, scapular, and manubrium
  • highly involved in fracture healing
  • does not involve the development of cartilage (development is from mesenchymal stem cell DIRECTLY to bone)
A

Intramembranous ossification

50
Q

Mechanism of fetal bone development:

  • involves the rudimentary flat bones of the skull base, pelvis, vertebrae, extremities
  • involves the development of a cartilage model (later strengthened and ossified)
A

Encochondral ossification (or intracartilagenous ossification)

51
Q

Type of growth, part of the intracartilagenous ossification of fetal bone development where there is a continuous mitosis of chondrocytes, accompanied by secretion of ECM, creating a cartilage model growing in LENGTH

A

Interstitial growth

52
Q

Type of growth, part of the intracartilagenous ossification of fetal bone development where the cartilage model begins to grows in THICKNESS due to the addition of more ECM on the peripheral cartilage surface, which is accompanied by new chondroblasts that develop from the perichondrium

A

Appositional growth

53
Q

Zone of osteogenesis where condrocytes divide

A

Resting zone

54
Q

Zone of osteogenesis where there is lengthening of the cartilage model

A

Zone of proliferation

55
Q

Zone of osteogenesis where mature chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy with vacuoles accumulating glycogen

A

Zone of hypertrophy

56
Q

Zone of osteogenesis where the matrix between cells, left behind by degenerating chondrocytes, become filled with hydroxyapatite

A

Zone of calcification

57
Q

Zone of osteogenesis containing differentiating osteoblasts

A

Zone of ossification

58
Q

Type of cartilage found in the pubic symphysis, the anulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs, menisci and the TMJ:

  • also present at the tendon bone interface, where there is a transition from soft tendon to uncalcified then calcified fibrocartilage before becoming bone
  • only type to contain type I collagen as well as type II
  • loosened by relaxin during pregnancy (loosens the pubic symphysis)
  • NO perichondrium
  • flexible and tough due to its fibrous tissue
  • elastic due to its cartilagenous tissue
A

Fibrocartilage

59
Q

Type of cartilage present in the outer ear, Eustachian tube, and epiglottis:

  • contains bundles of elastic fiber networks and collagen fibers
  • with perichondrium
  • singly, isogenous arrangement of cells
  • principal protein is elastin
  • great flexibility, withstands repetitive bending while maintaining shape
A

Elastic cartilage (or yellow cartilage)

60
Q

Type of cartilage found in most joint surfaces:

  • most common/abundant cartilage
  • most widely distributed
  • with perichondrium
  • singly, isogenous arrangement of cells
  • made of an abundant matrix of chondrocytes
A

Hyaline cartilage

PLE Reviewer - ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY COPY (11 decks)

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