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Medicine > Histology Of The Gastrointestinal Tract > Flashcards

Histology Of The Gastrointestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epithelium of the mouth?

A

Stratified squamous non- keratinising epithelium

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2
Q

What is the epithelium of the lips?

A

Mainly same as mouth- stratified squamous non-keratinising

But at borders becomes skin- stratified squamous keratinising

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3
Q

What does the lips submucosa contain?

A

Collagen and elastic fibres
Glands
Skeletal muscle
Small blood vessels that keep the lips moist

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4
Q

What is the epithelium of the tongue?

A

On ventral surface: stratified squamous non- keratinising

On dorsal surface: stratified squamous keratinising (due to constant abrasion on this surface)

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5
Q

What is contained within the tongues submucosa?

A

Coarse bundles of skeletal muscle running in different directions
Mixed sero-mucous salivary glands
Lymph nodules, particularly in the posterior third of the tongue

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6
Q

What are the two different types of skeletal muscle within the tongue?

A

Extrinsic fibres- insert onto the lower jaw

Intrinsic fibres- attach to the fibrous connective tissue underlying the mucosa

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7
Q

What are papillae?

A

Complex folds on the dorsum of the tongue, which are lined by pale staining taste buds

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8
Q

What are the three types of papillae?

A

Tall, pointed filiform papillae (most numerous)
Mushroom shaped fungiform papillae
Dome-shaped circumvallate papillae

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9
Q

Where are the three types of papillae found?

A

Tall, pointed cover the whole of the anterior two- thirds of the tongue
Mushroom shaped are found at the tip and sides of the tongue
Dome- shaped are found in a v-shaped row separating the anterior two thirds of the tongue from the posterior third

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10
Q

What do parotid glands produce?

A

A watery enzyme-rich secretion (serous secretion)

Enzyme- alpha amylase

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11
Q

Where are the parotid glands found?

A

Anterior to the ear on both sides of the face and enter the mouth adjacent to the first upper molar teeth via ducts

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12
Q

What nerve passes through the parotid gland but doesn’t innervate it?

A

CN 7- facial nerve

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13
Q

What else can be found embedded in the parotid glands?

A

Large lymph nodes

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14
Q

How can you notice the acini of the parotid glands?

A

Spherical clumps that resemble bunches of grapes

Basal cytoplasm filled with RER

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15
Q

What are the ducts of the acini lined by?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium that may become stratified at their distal end

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16
Q

Where are the sublingual salivary glands found?

A

Beneath the tongue with ducts secreting into the floor of the mouth either side of the frenulum of the tongue

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17
Q

What do the sublingual glands secrete?

A

Sticky mucus rich secretion that lubricates the mouth and the bolus of food

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18
Q

What do sublingual glands look like?

A

Pale staining- mucus granules
Swollen with oval nucleus at base of the cell
Surround pink staining simple cuboidal ducts

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19
Q

Where are the submandibular glands found?

A

Subcutaneously, below the mandible, either side of the tongue and discharge onto the frenulum of the tongue

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20
Q

What type of gland is the submandibular gland?

A

Mixed sero-mucous

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21
Q

How can you recognise a submandibular gland acini?

A

Has mixed dark staining cells- serous secretion

And pale staining cells- mucous secretion

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22
Q

What do the parotid and submandibular glands also secrete?

A

Epidermal growth factor that promotes growth of the GI tract epithelium

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23
Q

What is the epiglottis the boundary for?

A

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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24
Q

What is the epiglottis covered by?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium

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25
Q

What can you see within the epiglottis’s submucosa?

A

Elastic cartilage, lymph nodules and salivary glands

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26
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A

Innermost mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa (in some regions)

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27
Q

What are the three components of the mucosa?

A

Epithelium
A layer of connective tissue (lamina propria)- containing lymphoid tissue
A layer of smooth muscle (muscularis mucosa)

28
Q

Which layer of the GI tract is meissners plexus found?

A

Submucosa

29
Q

Which layer of yeh Gi tract is Auerbachs plexus found?

A

The muscularis propria

30
Q

What is the muscularis propria composed of?

A

Two layers of smooth muscle important for peristalsis

31
Q

What is the epithelium of serosa?

A

Simple squamous

32
Q

What epithelia lines the oesophagus?

A

Mostly stratified squamous non-keratinising, but also simple columnar below the diaphragm

33
Q

Is the lamina propria in the oesophagus thick or thin?

A

Thin

34
Q

Is the muscularis mucosa thick or thin in the oesophagus?

A

Thin- becomes thicker at distal end

35
Q

What is found within the oesophageal submucosa?

A

Sero-mucous glands- lubrication

Large, thin walled veins

36
Q

Describe the composition of the muscularis externa in the oesophagus?

A

Proximally- skeletal muscle

Dismally- smooth muscle

37
Q

Name the four regions of the stomach

A

Cardia/ antrum
Fundus
Body
Pylorus

38
Q

Describe the epithelia of the stomach

A

Mucosa in folds- rugae

Simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits

39
Q

How is the stomach muscularis propria different to the rest of the GI tract?

A

It’s three layers thick- extra oblique layer to help with churning

40
Q

Where are mucous cells found and what do they secrete?

A

The neck of the gastric pit and secrete mucus- for lubrication and acid resistance

41
Q

What do parental cells secrete?

A

HCl- correct pH for pepsin

Intrinsic factor- B12 absorption

42
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen and gastric lipase

43
Q

How are the gastric glands in the cardia and pylorus different to that of the body and fundus?

A

Body and fundus have complete gastric glands, pylorus and cardia are devoid of parietal and chief cells

44
Q

What enzyme are parietal cells abundant in?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

45
Q

Describe parietal cells?

A

Globular and stain bright pink, with dark granules (mitochondria)

46
Q

Describe chief cells

A

Pyramidal in shape with deeper parts of gastric glands

Part of their cytoplasm stains blue in H&E and have secretory granules

47
Q

How are the gastric pits different in the pylorus and cardia?

A

Shorter and coiled rather than straight

Mainly mucous cells- no parietal or chief cells

48
Q

What do the pale staining endocrine cells secrete?

A

Serotonin
Somatostatin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

49
Q

What two things increase the surface area of the intestine?

A

Plicae circulares- visible with naked eye

Villi- only in small intestine

50
Q

Where are plicae circularis most numerous?

A

Jejunum (least numerous in the distal part of the colon)

51
Q

Describe villi

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Covered with enterocytes (absorptive) and goblet cells
Each contain a small arteriole and venule and a lacteal
Also contain smooth muscle which shorten the villus

52
Q

Where do the villi venules and lacteals carry nutrients too?

A

The liver

53
Q

Where are the stem cells located in the villus?

A

Crypts between the villi

54
Q

Describe enterocytes

A

Main absorptive cell of the intestine

Have a microvilli brush border which stains intensely pink in PAS

55
Q

How would you distinguish the duodenum from the jejunum?

A

Duodenum has broad leaf-like villi and brunners glands

56
Q

What do brunners glands do?

A

Secrete an alkaline mucous into the duodenum to neutralise stomach acid

57
Q

What are paneth cells?

A 
Found at the bottom of crypts (bright pink staining) 
Secrete lysozyme (breaks down bacterial cell walls)
58
Q

How do you distinguish jejunum from ilium and duodenum?

A

Close packed plicae circulares

Doesn’t contain brunners glands like duodenum or peyers patches (large lymph nodes) like the illeum

59
Q

How can you distinguish ileum from jejunum?

A

Shorter villi
Plicae circulares not as closely packed
Contain peyers patches (large lymph nodes)

60
Q

Where do taenea coli arise from?

A

The appendix

61
Q

What are the four segments of the colon?

A

Ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid

62
Q

Describe the large intestine

A

No villi, little macroscopic folding
Close packed crypts containing entrocytes and goblet cells
The muscularis externa has a thickened inner circular layer of smooth muscle and an outer layer of three longitudinal bands (taenae coli)

63
Q

What is the epithelia of the rectum?

A

Simple columnar

64
Q

What is the epithelia of the anal canal?

A

Stratified squamous keratinising

65
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the anus?

A

The smooth muscle is thicker to the internal anal sphincter and the striated muscle forms the external anal spchincter

Medicine (9 decks)

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