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Anatomy Semester 2 > histology of the respiratory tract > Flashcards

histology of the respiratory tract Flashcards

1
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • paranasal sinuses
  • larynx
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2
Q

what does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

A
  • trachea
  • primary, secondary, tertiary bronchi
  • bronchioles — conducting, terminal and respiratory
  • alveoli — ducts, sacs and alveoli
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3
Q

what are the 4 layers of the trachea?

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. cartilaginous layer
  4. adventitia
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4
Q

describe the musosa layer of the trachea

A
  • epithelium = pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • lamina propria (loose connective tissue) = contains elastin — continuous with submucosa
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5
Q

describe the submucosa layer of the trachea

A

loose connective tissue

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6
Q

describe the cartilaginous layer of the trachea

A
  • c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

- trachealis muscle

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7
Q

describe the adventitia layer of the respiratory tract

A
  • connective tissue layer that merges with connective tissue of other organs
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8
Q

name the pink cells and their function

name the pink cells and their function
A

goblet cells — produce mucus

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9
Q

what is the epithelium of the trachea?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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10
Q

as the respiratory tubes get smaller, name 3 things that happen

A
  1. amount of cartilage decreases
  2. amount of smooth muscle increases
  3. height of epithelial cells decreases
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11
Q

what do the epithelial cells in the bronchi turn from and to?

A

stratified —> simple cuboidal (gradual transition)

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12
Q

describe the primary bronchi

A
  • supply each lung
  • 2-3cm long
  • c-shaped cartilages
  • right is wider and more vertical than the left
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13
Q

describe the secondary bronchi

A
  • supply lobes of lungs
  • 3 RHS, 2 LHS
  • plates of cartilage
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14
Q

describe the tertiary bronchi

A
  • supply segments of the lung
  • 10 RHS, 8 LHS
  • plates of cartilage
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15
Q

as you go down the resp tract, how does the epithelium change?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium —> simple columnar epithelium

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16
Q

where is this from and how do you know?

A

surrounded by lung tissue — intrapulmonary therefore secondary or tertiary bronchus

17
Q

identify 1, 2, 3, 4

A
  1. submucosa
  2. smooth muscle
  3. lamina propria
  4. ciliated epithelium
18
Q

what is circled?

A

a plate of cartilage

19
Q

what are bronchioles capable of?

A

bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation

20
Q

what are bronchiole walls supported by?

A

smooth muscle

21
Q

is there cartilage present in bronchioles?

A

no

22
Q

describe conducting bronchioles

A
  • simple ciliated columnar epithelium
  • goblet cells
  • each give rise to 50-80 terminal branches
23
Q

describe terminal bronchioles

A
  • simple ciliated columnar/cuboidal epithelium
  • no goblet cells or mucous glands
  • clara cells
  • each give rise to 2 more respiratory brochioles
24
Q

what do clara cells do?

A

produce surfactant

25
Q

describe respiratory bronchioles

A
  • simple cuboidal — no cilia
  • clara cells
  • alveoli extend from the lumen — gas exchange occurs here
26
Q

what are alveolar ducts?

A
  • respiratory bronchioles give rise to alveolar ducts

- elongated airways with walls made of alveolar sacs

27
Q

what are alveolar sacs?

A

spaces surrounded by clusters of alveoli

28
Q

identify 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

A
  1. terminal bronchiole
  2. respiratory bronchiole
  3. alveolar duct
  4. alveolar sac
  5. alveolus
29
Q

what epithelium is present on type 1 alveolar cells?

A

simple squamous

30
Q

describe the respiratory membrane

A
  • epithelium of type 1 cell
  • basement membrane of type 1 cell
  • basement membrane of capillary
  • endothelium of capillary

(2 basements tend to be fused together)

31
Q

how can the diffusion distance be increased across the respiratory membrane? give an example of when this happens

A

fluid can collect between 2 basement membranes and push them apart — makes it harder for gases to get across

eg. in pulmonary hypertension (increases diffusion distance)

Anatomy Semester 2 (10 decks)

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