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History Flashcards

1
Q

Renaissance

A
  • 14th to 17th century
  • Meaning ‘rebirth’ or revival
  • The Renaissance was a period of revolutionary changes in thought.
  • Humanism, individualism, and the quest for knowledge allowed overseas exploration to occur, challenged the power of the Catholic Church and produced the scientific revolution.
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2
Q

Indulgences

A
  • First corruption Luther addressed in his 95 Theses.

- Monetary payment made to absolve one from sin and to reduce time spent in purgatory

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3
Q

Reformation

A
  • Intellectual movement
  • Religion was at issue

Causes:

  • Abuses/corruption of the Roman Catholic Church
    a. sale of indulgences (people paying money to the Church to absolve them of their sins)
    b. simony (sale of church offices)
    c. nepotism (favouring family members in the appointment of Church officials)
  • Moral decline of the papacy
  • Critics of the church: emphasized a personal relationship with God as primary
  • Impact of the Renaissance Humanism (emphasizing individuality and secularism)
  • Martin Luther and the 95 Theses
  • Henry VIII (divorce)
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4
Q

Protestantism

A
  • Root of the reformation
  • Martin Luther
  • Main points: by faith alone and by scripture alonei
  • Protestantism desacralized the priesthood
  • Scripture was to be the authority, could be interpreted by all.
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5
Q

Inquisiton

A

-The Inquisitions were judicial institutions or tribunals that were established by the Roman Catholic Church in order to seek out, try, and sentence people that the Roman Catholic Church believed to be guilty of heresy.

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6
Q

Council of Trent

A
  • Council of Trent: established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries (new standards for the Catholic church)
  • One of the tools/aspects of counter-reformation (fight protestantism)
  • Group of people who would get together to discuss the Church.
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7
Q

Johann Gutenberg

A
  • Inventor of the printing press
  • German
  • Gutenberg’s printing press revolutionized the creation of books and helped make them affordable, ushering in a new era of affordable books and literature.
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8
Q

Michelangelo

A
  • Widely considered to be one of the greatest artists of the Italian Renaissance period
  • Sistine Chapel
  • Changed the way the world viewed art and artists.
  • His contributions to the era inspired others to see art and artists as valuable assets to the community.
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9
Q

Martin Luther

A
  • Believed faith alone will being salvation.
  • Published 95 Theses arguing against the sale of indulgences.
  • Martin Luther was disgusted by the practices of corrupted church officials.
  • On June 1520, the Pope issued the papal bull which condemned Martin Luther (excommunicate).
  • In December of that year, Luther lit the papal bull on fire.
  • Charles IV of Germany summoned Martin Luther to Worms and ordered a diet of worms and ordered him to recant.
  • Translated the bible further, believed the Bible should be accessible by all and not just the priest.
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10
Q

Counter Reformation

A
  • Response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed.
  • Council of Trent: established Catholic dogma for the next four centuries (new standards for the Catholic church)
  • Creation of Religious Orders: fight protestantism, reform the church through education, jesuits, spread the gospel,
  • Roman Inquisition: institutions that were established by the Church in order to seek out, try, and sentence people that the Roman Catholic Church believed to be guilty of heresy. The purpose of the inquisitions was to secure and maintain the dogma of the Church by conversion or persecution.
  • Index of prohibited books: list of forbidden books published by the Pope, enforced by the inquisition, anyone caught with a book would suffer consequences.
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11
Q

Henry VIII

A
  • The king of England who had six wives
  • Henry’s divorce from his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, led the king to split with the Catholic Church and found his own church, the Church of England, which in turn set the stage for the English Reformation and for religious battles which lasted for centuries.
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12
Q

Jean Calvin

A
  • French Protestant theologian of the Reformation

- John Calvin created the religion ‘Calvinism’ after having read 95 Theses.

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13
Q

Galileo

A
  • Said that motion can be defined mathematically (inertia)
  • The moon was not perfectly smooth
  • Supported Copernicus on Heliocentrism.
  • Contributed greatly to the scientific revolution.
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14
Q

Palace of Versailles

A
  • Louis XIV decided to build the Palace of Versailles
  • Symbol of absolutism
  • Nearly bankrupted the country
  • Ornate and completely over the top
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15
Q

John Locke

A
  • Used Hobbes concept of the state of nature, but unlike Hobbes, believe that people were willing over time to join together and benefit from cooperation.
  • Cooperation leads to rules, government, and law.
  • People surrender some of their freedoms in exchange for governed society, which he called a social contract.
  • However, the right to life and liberty and property is inalienable and cannot be surrendered.
  • With the social contract, power remains with the people and people retain the right to remove the government.
  • If controversy exists, the people must be heard.
  • The government derives power from the people only.
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16
Q

Louis XIV

A
  • Louis XIV was an absolute monarch, had absolute and total control of his country (taxes, military, spending etc.)
  • Referenced to be the “Sun King”
  • Supreme example of an absolutist ruler
  • Longest reign in European history (1643-1715)
  • Revoked the Edict of Nantes
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17
Q

Crusades

A
  • Series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Muslims
  • Marked the first direct conflicts between Western European powers and the Islamic kingdoms of the Middle East.
  • The memories and cultural heritage of the Crusades still affect Middle Eastern politics and the relationship between Christianity and Islam.
  • The Crusades also served to strengthen the Papacy, and give it military power.
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18
Q

Christopher Columbus

A
  • Italian explorer who ‘discovered’ North America for Europe
  • Columbus’ voyages began the Settlement and colonization of the New World.
  • Horrific interaction with the Taino people
  • Terra Nullis (land belonging to no one)
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19
Q

Absolutism

A
  • Form of government in which the monarch has absolute power among his or her people.
  • An absolute monarch wields unrestricted political power over the sovereign state and its people.
  • Rulers had no understanding of social control, wanted complete and ultimate power
  • Monarch was oblivious to the life of its people.
  • Absolutism existed throughout Europe
  • Peter the Great (Russia)
  • Catherine the Great (Prussia, modern-day Germany)
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20
Q

Thirty Year’s War

A
  • 1618-48
  • Series of conflicts fought between Roman Catholic and Protestant states fought primarily in Germany
  • Started in Bohemia with a Protestant revolt against the Holy Roman Empire and eventually involved almost all of the countries of Europe
  • By its final years, religious issues had been submerged and it had become a struggle for power between Austria/Spain on one side and France on the other.
  • Demonstrated neither religion were strong enough to dominate the continent.
  • Religious toleration was increased in Germany but freedom of worship was still limited in all countries.
  • Altered balance of power among European countries.
  • Roman Empire lost effective control in Germany and the influence of the Hapsburgs.
  • Sweden and France emerged as powers where Spain’s power declined.
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21
Q

Enlightenment

A
  • 18th century
  • The Age of Enlightenment was a period of scientific awakening and known as the age of reason
  • Characterized as an age of great intellectual thought
  • Enlightened thinkers promoted rationalism and encourage cultural optimism and espoused the need for human rights, public education, freedom of thought, speech and press
  • Fundamental to modern sec
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22
Q

Voltaire

A
  • Famous enlightenment thinker
  • Forwarded thinker when it came to civil liberties and the separation of the church and state
  • His works and ideas influenced important thinkers of both the American and French Revolutions.
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23
Q

Jean Jacques-Rousseau

A
  • Enlightenment thinker
  • He had a profound impact on people’s way of life; he taught parents to take a new interest in their children and to educate them differently
  • Impacted governments around the world with his idea of the social contract and the importance of individual freedoms.
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24
Q

Estates General

A
  • Representative assembly of the three “estates”
  • Estate general had the right to approve or veto any tax reforms. The monarchy wanted more taxes.
  • The revolt/disassembly of the estate general led to the Tennis Court oath which then led to the French Revolution.
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25
Q

Third Estate

A
  • Third estate = Common people
  • The third estate was always outvoted by the first and second estate. The representatives of the third estate left the meeting and Louis XVI locked them out of the Palace of Versailles.
  • Instead, they had convened in the tennis court.
  • On June 20, 1789, they declared the tennis court oath and started the National Assembly of France
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26
Q

Salon

A
  • Played an integral role in the cultural and intellectual development of France
  • Salons provided a place for women and men to congregate for intellectual discourse.
  • Gathering of knowledgeable individuals where people conversed about philosophy, literature and related subjects.
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27
Q

Code Napoleon

A
  • Codified laws of France
  • It granted equal rights to members of all social groups and established separation of religion and secular law.
  • The criminal code specified jury trial for major cases.
  • The Napoleonic Code has influenced civil law in most of Europe, Canada, Latin America and the U.S.
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28
Q

Napoleon

A
  • Emperor of France
  • Came to symbolize order following the chaos of the revolution.
  • Napoleon demolished the Egyptian army with ease, but the British army was not that easy to defeat. Founded the Rosetta Stone while in Egypt.
  • Reorganized the entire legal structure with the Napoleonic Code (basis of law in France and Quebec)
  • Fair taxes, increased trade, improved infrastructure, new commercial code, a new central bank to control monetary polices was established
  • Napoleon reached an agreement with the Pope allowing the Church a major role in French society while providing religious freedom for all others. He also abolished slavery and freed the serfs, and today he is seen as a progressive force in European history.
  • To create a middle-class cadre of leaders, Napoleon reorganized France’s education system. He restarted the primary schools, created a new elite secondary system of schools and established many other schools for the general populace. He promoted education for girls and greatly improved teacher training. Literacy levels in France soared under Napoleon’s reforms.
29
Q

Modernization Theory

A
  • All societies were originally traditional (stagnant/unchanging)
  • While scientific discovery was happening in various parts of the world, it was only in Europe did these discoveries lead to important technological advancements.
  • Emergence of capitalism also fuelled change; idea that wealth can be used to make more wealth. This idea ultimately powered the Industrial Revolution.
  • Developing nations exist because the failed to move rom traditional societies to modern societies; didn’t focus on science, technology, innovation, democracy etc.
30
Q

Dependency Theory

A
  • Developing nations exist because, since the 18th century, growing European nations purposely created poverty and dependency in these areas, for their own selfish reasons.
  • Poor nations provide natural resources, cheap labour, a destination for outdated technology, and markets for developed nations, without which the latter could not have the standard of living they enjoy.
  • Wealthy nations perpetuate a state of dependence by various means involving economics, media control, politics, banking and finance, education, culture, and sport.
31
Q

Seven Year’s War

A
  • Great Britain & Prussia vs. France and Austria
  • 1756-1763
  • Resulted from commercial and colonial rivalry between Britain and France
  • Mainly fought between British and French
  • British colonists wanted to expand into western American colonies (meant more trade, more wealth)
  • Britain won the Seven Years War.
  • French had to reduce their colony size in the Caribbean and India.
  • This greatly weakened the French economy.
  • Because the war was so expensive, to pay for the cost of the war, the British heavily taxed the colonists in the Americas.
32
Q

Walt Whitman Rostow

A
  • Economist and political theorist
  • Modernization theorist
  • Developed the stages of economic growth:
  • Traditional society: people in a traditional society are simply living at a survival level, no focus on innovation or change.
  • Preconditions for takeoff: Something happens to stir up the traditional society (influence from outside world, scientific discovery). Society seizes this opportunity to change or even reject the new idea.
  • The takeoff: The country’s leaders take the opportunity provided by the upset of traditional society and make progress, science, & technology priorities.
  • Drive to maturity: Economic growth begins and spreads to various sectors of society. Involved in international trade, produces new goods for at home/exports, continues to develop technology
  • Age of high mass consumption: The masses finally benefit from the economic growth though increased standards of living.
33
Q

Tennis Court Oath

A
  • When Louis XVI locked them out of the Palace, they convened in the tennis court and declared the ‘tennis court oath’.
  • Started the National Assembly of France in 1789
  • The National Assembly said that they would not dissolve unless they had a constitution.
  • It was the first step in the Third Estate of France forming an organized protest of the French government in the lead-up to the French Revolution.
34
Q

Reign of Terror

A
  • March 1793 - June 1794
  • The Terror was designed to fight the enemies of the revolution, anyone who’s ideas were counter-revolutionary would be executed (priests, nobility, etc…)
  • Resulted in tens of thousands of deaths
  • Result of two revolutionary systems of government:
  • Committee of Public Safety (Robespierre) fought against food shortages, foreign enemies, and political subversion
  • Committee of General Security
  • Robespierre’s ideas on democracy did not include accommodation or compromise
35
Q

Marie Antoinette

A
  • Queen of France
  • She was rather unpopular as Queen to begin with, because she was a foreigner, an Austrian and was known to recklessly spend money as the people were left to starve.
  • Thus her activities drew criticism and helped foment the dissatisfaction of the people with the monarchy and the aristocracy, and that dissatisfaction brought about the French Revolution.
36
Q

John Stuart Mill

A
  • English philosopher
  • Utilitarian who believed in the greatest happiness for the greatest number
  • Began his campaign against wife-beating which resulted in the publishing of his powerful and influential book ‘The Subjection of Women’
37
Q

Karl Marx

A
  • One of the founders of communism
  • Class conflict (bourgeoisie, proletariat)
  • Communist Manifesto
  • Communism advocated common ownership of the means of production and embraced the power of the new working class
  • Peached that neither reason or votes but only revolution would bring about the new socialist order
38
Q

Industrial Revolution

A
  • 1750
  • Represented a gradual system of change in agriculture, society, trade, and industry
  • The impact of the Industrial Revolution was profound
  • Changes to cotton production and eventually textile production facilitated urbanization, increased consumerism, and automation (spinning wheel etc.)
  • Population growth which led to urban migration
  • Poor working conditions, low wages, and overcrowding in cities
  • Laissez faire economics
  • Increased world trade
  • Multiplier effect
  • Rise of modern business system (corporations)
  • Western civilization more interested in technology, entrepreneurship etc.

Second Industrial Revolution: 1870- 1914

  • Modern inventions like farming/construction techniques, steam power, spinning wheel, weapons, transportation
  • Increased food production and medical technology which led to more pop. increase
  • Rise of socialism and communism
  • Competition between industrial powers
39
Q

Changes to Family Unit

A
  • With machines, women and children were used more in factory work.
  • Females were paid less than men and children were paid less than children.
  • People were marrying younger.
  • Increased sexual activity which resulted in an increase in illegitimate children.
  • Estimated that 50% of children in Paris were born out of wedlock at the start of the 1800.
  • Family violence was prevalent in the working-class.
  • Wife-beating was a male prerogative.
  • The father in the family had absolute authority.
  • The Napoleonic Code had established this along with most of continental Europe.
  • John Stuart Mill campaigned against wife beating.
  • The 19th century however, would see the continued exploitation of women with a marginal increase in women’s right.
40
Q

Imperialism

A
  • Practice or policy of extending a states control of other territories
  • With the wealth of the Industrial Revolution burning in their pockets, the powerful nations of Europe were ready to formally expand their empires into Asia and Africa.
  • Colonial expansion undertaken by European nations, and subsequently by Japan and the US, during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Corresponds to the era of the ‘Scramble for Africa’.
41
Q

Giuseppe Garibaldi

A
  • Believed in a republican Italy
  • Committed to achieving unification
  • Part of the Young Italy Society
  • Led Red Shirts in heroic defence of Roman Republic
42
Q

Darwin

A
  • Theory of evolution and natural selection
  • Life on earth is the result of millions of years of adaptations to changing environment
  • Important in the development of scientific and humanist ideas because he first made people aware of their place in the evolutionary process when the most powerful and intelligent form of life discovered how humanity had evolved.
43
Q

Boer War

A
  • Discovery of diamond and gold deposited in S. Africa made the region important strategically & economically, and the ongoing conflict btwn the British & the Boers led to the Boer War of 1899
  • Conflicts over control of gold fields and treatment of British settlers
  • Ended with the surrender of the Boers
44
Q

Emancipation Proclamation

A
  • The Emancipation Proclamation is a cornerstone document in the history of the United States.
  • Issued by Abraham Lincoln
  • Freed the slaves, authorized the creation of Black military units and changed the war into a struggle against slavery
  • Had no real effect on slavery abolition at the time, was more politically symbolic but changed the meaning of the Civil War.
45
Q

Russo-Japanese War

A
  • Conflict btwn Japan and Russia
  • The Japanese won the war, and the Russians lost.
  • The war happened because the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire disagreed over who should get which parts of Manchuria and Korea.
  • The politics of the two countries in the war were very complicated, but both wanted to gain land and economic benefits.
  • The disastrous outcome of the war for Russia was one of the immediate causes of the Russian Revolution of 1905.
  • Japan gained the position of a world power, becoming the first non-European and non-American imperialist modern state.
46
Q

Slavery

A
  • It was extreme and cruel, and a number of slaves did not make it across the Atlantic.
  • Some Enlightened thinkers wanted to put an end to slavery
  • The abolitionist movement gained momentum in the 18th century with the Quakers in the United States.
  • Slavery had a major impact on the state of many major cultural groups in North America.
  • Still today, there is long-lasting resentment of the slave trade.
  • Abolished in G.B in 1834
47
Q

French Revolution

A
  • Began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte.
  • During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country’s political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system.
  • Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. A
  • lthough it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the movement played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people.
48
Q

Bismarck

A
  • Conservative aristocrat/supporter of Prussian monarchy against the liberal nationalists 1848
  • Agent of German unification
  • Took step of proposing a reorganization of the German confederation, creation of national assembly
49
Q

Nietzsche

A
  • Challenged belief in progress and human reason
  • Argued individual could only find meaning and purpose through exertion of the human spirit
  • Critical of the militarism, nationalism and anti-Semitism of his own time
  • Greatly influenced the thinking of other philosophers, scientists and artists of the time
  • Science was more a human creation than an objective description of nature
50
Q

Simon Bolivar

A
  • Led independence movements in South America during the 18th century.
  • He led countries like Gran Colombia (today Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador) to their independence from Spanish rule, and essentially set in motion the full independence of modern South American countries.
51
Q

Russian Revolution

A
  • Series of revolutions in the Russian Empire during 1917.
  • Russians had lost faith in leadership ability of Czar Nicolas II (corruption, bad economy)
  • The events destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and helped create the Soviet Union.
  • The first revolution was in February 1917. Tsar Nicholas II was forced to step down and was replaced with a provisional government.
  • The second revolution was in October. Communist Bolsheviks replaced the provisional government, and created the Soviet Union.
  • The royal family were shot and killed
  • The term Red October has also been used to describe the events of the month.
52
Q

Marxism & Leninism

A

Marxism:
- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis for the theory and practice of communism.

Leninism:
- Vladimir Lenin was a Russian Marxist. He had a set of political ideas based on Marxism. Lenin’s development of Marxism has become known as Leninism.

  • Democratic Centralism
  • The idea that capitalism is the cause of imperialism (empire-building). He thought that imperialism was the “highest point” of capitalism.
53
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A
  • Peace treaty between the five nations, France, Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary and the United States after World War I.
  • The French made the Treaty unfavorable for the Germans so that Germany would not be able to start a new war.
  • Thus, Germany had to reduce its armed forces from 6 million to 100,000 men, and get rid of its submarines, military aircraft and most of their artillery, such as cannons.
  • Their Navy had to limit the battleships to only six. Germany also had to give back French territories it had occupied, as well as large territories of its own to Poland, for instance, and all of its colonies.
  • A heavy economical burden for Germany was to pay back the very big World War I reparations for the damage done to the Allied countries, mostly France, during World War I by German troops.
  • Treaty which later was used as a reason for Germany’s nationalists and Adolf Hitler to try to get the support of the Germans to get rid of the “chains of Versailles,” which finally led to World War II.
  • The treaty made a League of Nations, which decided things after the treaty was signed.
54
Q

League of Nations

A
  • International organization to reduce the dangers of war following WWI
  • Established certain obligations for member states
  • Provided a number of international organizations and procedures for conduct of interstate relations
  • Failed primary mission of providing sense of security for members — WWII
  • Limited to peace-keeping tasks
  • Did not achieve universal membership (USSR, USA, Germany)
55
Q

WWI

A
  • Revolution in military technology (air power)
  • Gave new form, passion and rise to radical movements (communism and fascism)
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Empires like the Russian, the Ottoman, the German, and the Austro-Hungarian had collapsed because of the war.
56
Q

Causes of WWI

A
  • Nationalism (extreme patriotism)
  • National groups in Austria-Hungary wanted independence as well as Ottoman Empire
  • European nations sought to regain lost territories
  • Alliances
  • Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed Triple Alliance
  • Great Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente
  • Imperialism (gain control over other nations).
  • Divide of Africa to obtain as much raw materials and sell goods
  • Forced China to grant trading rights to them
  • Militarism
  • Arms race
  • Countries wanted biggest, most powerful military
57
Q

WWII

A
  • Adolf Hitler established alliance with Italy and Japan (Axis powers)
  • Munich agreement; Germany annexes Czechoslovakia (failed act of appeasement)
  • Germany invades Poland in 1939
  • Britain declares war on Germany in 1939 Canada one week later
  • Germany quickly achieves victory in France in 1940
  • Germany invades the Soviet Union in 1941
  • Japan attacks Pearl Harbour in December of 1941
  • U.S officially join WWII
  • Invasion of Normandy in 1944
  • Hitler commits suicide
  • VE Day, Germany surrenders unconditionally in 1945
  • U.S drops atomic bomb in Hiroshima, then a second in Nagasaki a few days later
  • VJ day, Japan surrenders
  • WWII ends
58
Q

Consequences of War

A
  • Soviet Union emerges as great power
  • Leads to strong demands in the diplomatic table which leads the Allies to rethink their view on the Soviet
  • Allies began to see Union as a threatening power which led G.B and the U.S. to view Soviets with caution and marks start of the Cold War
  • Birth of the Nuclear Era (U.S atomic bombs)
59
Q

Mussolini

A
  • Italian dictator
  • Rose to power in the wake of World War I as a leading proponent of Facism.
  • Alliance w/ Hitler
  • He is also known for making Italy one of the Axis powers in World War II and for launching an unsuccessful attempt to colonize Ethiopia.
60
Q

Stalin

A
  • Soviet Union socialist leader
  • Death of Lenin
  • When Lenin died he left no clear successor to lead the Communist Party. Lenin’s Testament criticized all the leading candidates e.g. he described Stalin as ‘not being able to use power with sufficient caution’ and Trotsky for ‘excessive self-assurance.’
  • A group of leaders emerged; a ‘collective leadership.’
  • By 1929 one of these leaders, Stalin had become a dominant force.
  • His success was the result of a power struggle.
    • Factor 1: Ban on Factionalism: In 1921, a resolution was passed banning all groups within the party from putting forward ideas that disagreed with the official party policy.
  • Factor 2: Centralized Party Machine
  • Factor 3: The growth in Party membership: many members were young, inexperienced and uneducated.
  • Factor 4: No one clear leader
  • Great Purge was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin
61
Q

Depression

A
  • Weak economies, minority problems, and border disputes led people to turn to dictatorship
  • Dictatorships took power while claiming to save the nation from communism and enemies from within
  • Rise for dictatorship in E. Europe, from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean
  • Also brought dictatorship to C. Europe
  • Rise of Hitler, Mussolini, Pilsudski and Dollfuss.
62
Q

Communism

A
  • Communism ideology is based on common ownership of the means of production.
  • They believed that if there was freedom for them and no government or class differences, they could all live in harmony.
63
Q

Nazi

A
  • Nazism is a dictatorship where the government has complete control over its people and products excluding everyone not of the German race.
  • Nazism is anti-Communistic and is opposed to democracy.
64
Q

Yalta Conference

A
  • Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta
  • To decide fate of a defeated Nazi Germany
  • Decided to put off any final decision until war ended
  • Major decision was that a defeated Germany would be demilitarized and the Nazis routed
  • Germany was to be divided into 4 zones of occupation, a zone for each of the big 3 powers and a zone for France
65
Q

German Confederation of 1866

A
  • Military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany
  • It was the first modern German nation state and the basis for the later German Empire
  • Dominated by Prussia, it replaced the German Confederation and included the states that had supported Prussia in the Austro-Prussian War (1866
66
Q

Franco-Prussian War

A
  • Provoked by Bismarck as the final step to unite Germany.
  • In previous wars, Bismarck had created the North German Confederation, but still needed to convince the South German states to join.
  • The South German states were mainly Catholic and not convinced they shouldn’t stay independent from Protestant Northern Germany.
  • Bismarck altered a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm to Napoleon III to provoke the French into declaring war on Prussia
  • Prussian troops quickly overwhelmed France and Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan.
  • France surrendered within months, and the South German States were convinced to join the new nation of Germany in January of 1871.
  • France was forced to pay a large indemnity for losing the war (five billion francs), lost the border territories of Alsace and Lorraine, and had to watch the Germans create their new country at Versailles outside of Paris, which was rather humiliating, and helped lead a few decades later to World War One.
67
Q

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

A
  • A pact of non-aggression.
  • Five year contract – not engage in any kind of offensive against each other.
  • It also divided Poland between the two countries.
  • Neither side had any intention of keeping the pact.
  • Hitler breaks the pact in 1941.
68
Q

Scientific Revolution

A
  • Lasted from the mid 16th century to the early 18th century.
  • New methods were being proposed and new questions were being asked.
  • The darkness of thought in the medieval period was removed and the sun was declared centre of the universe.
  • Ideas of gravity were proposed and most importantly, people began to wonder.
  • The Renaissance revolutionized art and religion and the scientific revolution developed the foundation for modern science.
  • Scientists who contributed greatly to the scientific revolution: Galileo, Newton and Copernicus

Exam (4 decks)

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