History and Approaches and Research methods in psychology

Question 1

applied psychology

Answer 1

The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems

Question 2

Behavior

Answer 2

any overt (observable) response or activity by someone

Question 3

Behaviorism

Answer 3

A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behaviour

Question 4

Clinical psychology

Answer 4

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 5

Cognition

Answer 5

The mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

Question 6

Empiricism

Answer 6

The premise that should be acquired through observation

Question 7

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 7

Theoretical perspective that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations

Question 8

Functionalism

Answer 8

A school of psychology based on the belief that psychology should investigate the function or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure

Question 9

Gestalt psychology

Answer 9

A theoretical orientation based on the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Question 10

Humanism

Answer 10

a theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for person growth

Question 11

introspection

Answer 11

careful, systematic observation of one’s own conscious experience

Question 12

natural selection

Answer 12

principle stating that heritable characteristics that provide a survival reproductive advantage are more likely than alternative characteristics to be passed on to subsequent generations and thus come to be “selected’ over time

Question 13

psychiatry

Answer 13

a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

Question 14

psychoanalysis

Answer 14

an insight therapy that emphasizes the recovery of unconscious conflicts, motives, and defenses through techniques such as free association and transference

Question 15

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 15

a theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

Question 16

psychology

Answer 16

the science that studies behaviour and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems

Question 17

social psychology

Answer 17

the branch of psychology concerned with the way individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviours are influenced by others

Question 18

structuralism

Answer 18

a school of psychology based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and to investigate how these elements are related

Question 19

cognitive approach

Answer 19

studies how thinking + perception influence behaviour

Question 20

biopsychosocial model

Answer 20

a model of treating patients that looked for explanations of illness as well as potential treatments by examining the patient’s biology, personality, + social influences

Question 21

basic psychology

Answer 21

focus of research, to gain knowledge

Question 22

functionalists people

Answer 22

james and calkins

Question 23

humanist people

Answer 23

maria montessori, carl rogers, abraham maslow

Question 24

structuralist people

Answer 24

wundt and titchener

Question 25

Plato

Answer 25

our reality is shaped by our experience

Question 26

Aristotle

Answer 26

understanding comes from studying examples in nature… gain information from observation

Question 27

Rene Descartes

Answer 27

theory of Dualism: physical body including the brain… is separate from the non-physical mind

Question 28

John Locke

Answer 28

all individuals are born a blank skate… tabula rosa

Question 29

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 29

a Russian physiologist… in 1906 showed that dogs could be trained to salivate in response to auditory stimuli

Question 30

William James (Father of American Psychology)

Answer 30

wrote the most influential text on psychology… principles of psychology (1890)

Question 31

Edward Titchener

Answer 31

Brought Wundt’s ideas to the U.S.; leader of structuralism

Question 32

Mary Calklins

Answer 32

study of memory; first president of A.P.A (1905)

Question 33

Margaret Floy Washburn

Answer 33

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)

Question 34

Dorothea Dix

Answer 34

investigated conditions of poor people with mental illness… led to the first mental asylums

Question 35

Letta Hollingworth

Answer 35

first to use the term “gifted”

Question 36

Psychoanalytic Approach

Answer 36

focuses on unconscious which was a depository of memories, feelings, and unwanted drives beyond the reach of conscious awareness (Sigmund Freud)