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psychology > History (Ch1 pt, 2) > Flashcards

History (Ch1 pt, 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Structuralism- Wundt

A
  • emphasizes the “what” of mental behaviour
  • basic element of sensation can reveal the underlying structure of the mind- valued, immediate, raw data
  • studied through introspection
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2
Q

Introspection (Structuralism- Wundt)

A

Systematic examination of an individual’s reports of their own thoughts and feelings about sensory experiences

  • looked at WHAT of the mind, not the why/how?
  • the brain is not a location but a process
  • describe sensations, mind/body connection
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3
Q

Who is considered the father of psychology? What did they do?

A

William Wundt

-he established the first psychology course and experimental laboratory (Germany, 1879)

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4
Q

Name the key structuralists (2)

A
  • Wundt

- Tichener

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5
Q

Name the key functionalists (2)

A
  • William James

- Max Wertheimer

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6
Q

What did Tichener do? What movement was he in?

A
  • He brought STRUCTURALISM to America
  • structure of the mind through controlled introspection
    eg. quality, intensity, duration
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7
Q

What is functionalism?

A
  • the function (why) of consciousness rather than the structure.
  • what is it’s function/purpose?
  • broadened the scope of psychology beyond the study of observable sensations
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8
Q

What is consciousness? (relating to functionalism)

A

-ongoing stream of mind in constant interaction with the environment

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9
Q

Who is William James- What is he associated with?

A
  • Harvard philosopher acknowledged the role of mental “inner” experiences in behaviour
  • was influenced by Darwin- things constantly changing (self, will, emotions)
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10
Q

Max Wertheimer- What is he associated with?

A
  • Gestault Psychology
  • He was a German pioneer in the alternative to structuralism
  • phi phenomena
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11
Q

What is phi phenomena?

A

The apparent movement of stationary objects

  • every one builds upon the next one
  • eg. arrows seeming to move, though each driving arrow is actually just flashing on and off
  • Max Wertheimer
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12
Q

What is Gestault Psychology?

A
  • the study of how elements of experience are organized into wholes
  • KEY PRINCIPLE: the whole is greater than the difference of the sum of its parts
  • creating/making meaning from the whole
  • Max Wertheimer
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13
Q

What does modern psychology examine?

A

Both structure and function of behaviour

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14
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-psychodynamic perspective

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15
Q

What is the psychodynamic perspective (Freud)

A
  • behaviour is explained by inherited instincts, biological drives, and attempts to solve conflicts
  • emphasizes the role of unconscious process and battle between inner and outer forces
  • *power, instincts, Oedipus complex, fighting-it’s who we are. (we have very little control over this)
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16
Q

What is the behaviorist perspective? (Watson and Skinner)

A
  • behaviour can be explained by antecedent conditions
  • ABC model
  • focus on observable behaviour that can be objectively recorded
  • focus on the outside world
  • behaviour modification
  • cognitive behavioural perspective
  • working ABC together increases/decreases type and amount of behaviour.
17
Q

What is the ABC model?

A

behavioural responces (B) + consequences (C) = Antecendence (A) -factors that lead to behaviour

18
Q

Behaviour modification

A

ways of decreasing problem by x

19
Q

Cognitive Behavioural perspective (Behaviouralist Bandura)

A

need to look at textbook

20
Q

Humanistic Perspective (Rogers, Maslow)

A
  • Emphasis on individual’s inherent capacity for making rational choices and developing to their full potential
  • focus on self-actualization and a holistic approach
21
Q

Self actualization and holistic (Humanistic perspective)

A

eg. mind over instincts
- pick and choose to make right decisions/rational
- make plans for instincts, because you are capable

22
Q

What is Martin Seligman the father of?

A

-positive psychology -modern humanistic psych
(taken away instinctual parts, simply helping someone make rational choices. cognitive skills
-strengths based
-eg. resilience training in the army
-new age spin

23
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A
  • interest in the mind
  • human thought and knowledge in attending, thinking, remembering, problem solving and understanding is important
  • modern version of functionalism (Gestalt/structuralism)
  • more stimulus and response
  • focus on subjective reality and higher mental processes- eg. imagery, conscious vs. unconscious thought
24
Q

Biological Perspective

A
  • underlying physical structures and biochemical processes
  • focus on functioning of genes, nervous system and endocrine system
  • advances in this area linked to behavioural and cognitive neuroscience fields
25
Q

Evolutionary Perspective (Darwin)

A
  • emphasis on behavioural and mental adaptiveness
  • study of animals and humans
  • focus on natural selection and the long process of evolution
26
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A
  • people are different (gender, cultural heritage, age, sexual orientation, and unique experiences)
  • shaped by social learning theory- personalities, beliefs, attitudes and skills learned from others
  • presence of others and how environment influences attitudes, beliefs
  • full understanding within sociocultural context
27
Q

Sociocultural perspective (pt2)

A
  • studies the cross-cultural differences in the causes and consequences of behaviour
  • universal claims of some theories may not apply to all cultures- specific norms?
  • can also involve comparisons of groups within multicultural nations such as Canada
28
Q

What do psychologists do?

A
  • engage in psychological inquiry- How, what, why (pg 16)
  • formulate questions to be researched
  • conduct various forms of research
  • apply psychological principles (Table 1.2 textbook)
29
Q

Psychiatry vs, Psychology

A

Psychiatrist- M.D.

Psychologist- Ph.D.

30
Q

Where do psychologists work?

A

Order of %

  • Independent practice
  • academic settings
  • hospitals, clinics, other human services
  • other or not specified
  • business government
  • schools, other educational settings
31
Q

What are some special areas of psychology? (5)

A
  • clinical psych
  • counseling
  • industrial/organizational
  • educational and school
  • health
32
Q

Facts about human behaviour (10)

A
  • they are biological creatures
  • while different they are much the same
  • can be understood only in context of their culture, ethnic identity, and gender identity
  • lives are in a continuous process of change
  • behaviour is motivated
  • behaviour has multiple causes
  • humans are social animals
  • people have an active role in creating their experiences
  • people can be adaptive and maladaptive
33
Q

Psych in Canada

A
  • First psych department at McGill (1924)
  • since 1950 most major uni has them
  • growth in programs
  • Canadian Psychological Association(CPA) established in 1939
  • Brenda Milner was first woman in Canada to earn her PHD in Psych in 1952

psychology (2 decks)

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