History End Of Year Year 8

Question 1

When did the Tudor Dynasty start.

Answer 1

In 1485 Henry Tudor won the Battle of Bosworth and became the King of England.

Question 2

When did Henry Tudor die

Answer 2

Following his death in 1509, his son, Henry VIII became King at the age of 17.

Question 3

How many wives and children did Henry VIII have?

Answer 3

▪ Henry VIII had six wives and three children:
• Catherine of Aragon (divorced) – had Mary I
• Anne Boleyn (beheaded) – had Elizabeth I
• Jane Seymour (died) – had Edward VI
• Anne of Cleves (divorced)
• Katherine Howard (beheaded)
• Catherine Parr (outlived Henry)

Question 4

What is Henry VIII most famous for

Answer 4

He is most famous for the break with Rome in the 1530s when he took England out of the Catholic Church and created the Church of England. Henry became the Supreme Head of the Church in England.

Question 5

Why did Henry VIII break from Rome?

Answer 5

Power: Henry wanted complete control over his kingdom. He did not like that clergymen owed their loyalty to the Pope or that the Pope could interfere in decisions about people’s marriages or the appointment of archbishops.
• Money: Henry was nearly bankrupt and becoming the head of the Church meant that he would have access to all of the wealth of the church. Henry had spent a lot of money on wars against France and his lavish lifestyle. The Church was very rich because it owned land, collected taxes and people left donations in their wills. The monasteries were particularly wealthy, owning a quarter of the land in England, and if Henry took control of the Church he could shut them down and take this land for himself.
• Succession: Henry only had a daughter, Mary, and he needed a male heir to continue the Tudor dynasty but the Pope wouldn’t allow him to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Breaking with Rome meant that he could get a divorce and marry Anne Boleyn who he hoped would give him a son.

Question 6

When did Edward VI become king and how old was he?

Answer 6

Became king in 1547 at the age of 9.

Question 7

Was he a Catholic or a Protestant?

Answer 7

▪ He was a Protestant who continued reform of the Church.

Question 8

What did Edward the VI change?

Answer 8

• Introduced a new Protestant prayer book
• Services were said in English, not Latin.
• The altar was replaced with a simple wooden table
• Stained glass windows were removed from churches
• The Mass was abolished and replaced with the Protestant Holy Communion service.
• Priests had to wear simple robes rather than fancy vestments.
• Priests were allowed to marry.
• Saints days were abolished.

Question 9

When did Mary I become queen?

Answer 9

▪ Became Queen in 1553 following the death of Edward VI.

Question 10

Was Mary I Catholic or Protestant?

Answer 10

▪ A Catholic who wanted to restore Catholicism in England.

Question 11

Things that made it harder for Mary to restore Catholicism:

Answer 11

• The monasteries had been dissolved and it would cost too much money to restore them.
• Mary I was 37, didn’t have any children and her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I was her heir.
• There were still some powerful Protestants in England who hated the Pope and Catholicism.

Question 12

When did Mary I marry and who did she marry?

Answer 12

▪ Mary I married the Spanish King, Philip II in 1554. He was a powerful Catholic and she hoped he would help her and give her a child.

Question 13

How many Protestants did Mary kill

Answer 13

▪ Mary punished any Protestants who refused to convert to Catholicism. Between 1555 and 1558 284 Protestants were burned to death.

Question 14

How did Mary change the church?

Answer 14

• Brought back the old Catholic prayer book
• Services were in Latin
• Altars were brought back
• Stained glass windows were re-installed
• Priests were given back their fine vestments.

Question 15

When did Mary die?

Answer 15

Mary died in 1558 and her half-sister Elizabeth I became queen.

Question 16

What problems did Elizabeth I face?

Answer 16

Elizabeth faced a number of problems when she became queen:
• The country was in serious debt
• She had to deal with the problem of religion
• People expected her to marry and have a child
• There was poverty in England

Question 17

How did Elizabeth deal with the problem of religion?

Answer 17

• Elizabeth was a Protestant
-she did not want there to be a civil war
• The Elizabethan religious settlement was introduced and is sometimes referred to as Elizabeth’s middle way.
• This was a compromise.While the core beliefs of the church remained Protestant, she allowed some Catholic features in churches.

Question 18

Things that Protestants would have liked:

Answer 18

▪ Elizabeth was the Supreme Governor of the Church.
▪ Services and the Bible would be in English.
▪ People would have communion in both kinds (bread and wine).
▪ Priests were allowed to marry.

Question 19

Things that Catholics would have liked:

Answer 19

▪ Bishops would help Elizabeth to govern the Church
▪ Churches could be decorated
▪ Priests could wear fancy vestments.

Question 20

What did Elizabeth do to religious extremists?

Answer 20

Elizabeth punished extremists on both sides severely because she thought they were divisive. For example, she chopped off the hand of a Puritan author whom she didn’t agree with. She also executed some Catholic preachers who refused to accept the new Church.

Question 21

Was Elizabeth’s new church successful?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Why was Elizabeth expected to marry?

Answer 22

So that she had a husband who could help her to rule and so that she could have children and provide an heir to continue the Tudor dynasty.

Question 23

Who were Elizabeth’s suitors?

Answer 23

▪ King Philip II of Spain
▪ Charles of Austria
▪ The English nobleman, Robert Dudley

Question 24

Why did Elizabeth decide not to get married?

Answer 24

▪ She didn’t want to marry the same man as her sister
▪ She was worried that a husband might try to control her and take over the running of the country. She wanted to prove that she could be a strong ruler on her own.
▪ The English people did not like foreign rulers. There had been a rebellion when Mary married Philip II.
▪ She didn’t want to marry a Catholic who might try to change the country’s religion.
▪ She was worried that a foreign ruler might try to use England’s army to fight his own wars.
▪ She was worried that if she married one of the English nobles, then the others would be jealous and might rebel against her.

Question 25

What were the consequences of Elizabeth not marrying?

Answer 25

she did not marry and was known as the ‘Virgin Queen’. She had no children, so the Tudor dynasty ended when she died in 1603.

Question 26

Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?

Answer 26

Mary, Queen of Scots was Elizabeth’s cousin and the heir to the throne.

Question 27

Why was Mary, Queen of Scots a threat?

Answer 27

She was a threat because she was Catholic and claimed to be the rightful queen of England. Elizabeth and her advisers were worried that Mary, Queen of Scots would encourage rebellions in England and that Catholics might try to overthrow Elizabeth.

Question 28

When did Mary, Queen of Scots travel to England?

Answer 28

Mary, Queen of Scots travelled to England in secret in 1568. Elizabeth let her stay, but kept her under armed guard in various castles around England for the next eighteen years.

Question 29

What was the Babington plot?

Answer 29

In 1586 Walsingham uncovered the Babington plot which was a plan to kill Queen Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne. He found a coded message written by Mary which had been sent to Anthony Babington in which she seemed to agree to the plot. Elizabeth was finally convinced that Mary had committed treason.

Question 30

When was Mary, Queen of Scots executed?

Answer 30

• Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed in 1587 at Fotheringay Castle.

Question 31

What were the causes of the Spanish Armada?

Answer 31

▪ Philip wanted to restore Catholicism in England
▪ He was angry that Elizabeth had rejected his marriage proposal
▪ He was angry that Elizabeth had executed the Catholic, Mary Queen of Scots.
▪ He was unhappy that Elizabeth was allowing English sailors to steal Spanish treasure in the New World.
▪ Elizabeth had supported Protestant rebels who were fighting against Spanish control.

Question 32

What did Philip II do in 1588?

Answer 32

• In 1588 Philip II sent an armada (fleet of ships) to invade England. It travelled in a strong crescent formation. However, the attack did not go as planned and the English used fire ships to break its formation and then attacked it.

Question 33

What happened at the battle of Gravelines?

Answer 33

At the Battle of Gravelines the English defeated the Spanish fleet, which then tried to sail home to Spain but was shipwrecked.

Question 34

When was the armada portrait painted?

Answer 34

1588

Question 35

What is an Empire?

Answer 35

• An ‘empire’ is a group of countries ruled over by a single monarch or ruling power. The British Empire comprised of Britain, the ‘mother country’, and the colonies, countries ruled to some degree by and from Britain.

Question 36

When did the British begin to establish overseas colonies?

Answer 36

• The British began to establish overseas colonies in the 16th century. By 1783, Britain had a large empire with colonies in America and the West Indies. This was expanded in the 19th century, with conquests in Africa and India.
• The British Empire was not just about conquering territory but also involved establishing trade links and developing the British navy to ‘rule the waves’.

Question 37

What was the slave triangle?

Answer 37

One of the key forms of trade that Britain profited from was the sale of slaves. This took place as part of the ‘trade triangle’ or triangular trade’.
• In the trade triangle, manufactured goods such as glass, alcohol, textiles and firearms would leave British ports (Liverpool, London and Bristol). Boats filled with goods sailed to West Africa, they were then exchanged for slaves who had been captured in Africa. Money was also exchanged.
• The boat, filled with slaves, then travelled across the Middle Passage. This was a dangerous part of the trade triangle as disease and rebellion were common. Slaves were usually shackled together and treated as cargo. Many died during this part of the journey due to appalling conditions.
• Once the boat reached America or the West Indies, the slaves would be unloaded and sold at auction usually to the highest bidder. The slaves would then be made to work on plantations, although some worked as domestic staff.

Question 38

What tasks did slaves have to do?

Answer 38

Tasks often included clearing land, planting, tending and harvesting cotton. The raw materials that they had produced (such as cotton and sugar cane) would be loaded onto the boat that the slaves had travelled in, and transported back to Britain.

Question 39

Where did Britain make most of its money?

Answer 39

Back in Britain, the raw materials would be turned into manufactured goods (for example cotton would be turned into cloth). This is where Britain made most of its money. Unlike other countries, Britain had undergone a transformation as part of the Industrial Revolution and so could produce manufactured goods quickly and cheaply.
• As a result of the British Empire trade, consumers in Britain had access to a wider range of goods such as sugar and tobacco.

Question 40

Was the British Empire viewed favourably?

Answer 40

• At the time, the British Empire was viewed favourably and as a sign of Britain’s power and wealth. However, as time went on, many started to question the morality of the British Empire.

Question 41

Why was the slave trade abolished?

Answer 41

Actions of black campaigners: Olaudah Equiano became one of the key figures in the abolitionist movement.​ Equiano was just ten years old when he was taken from Africa to Barbados as a slave. Equiano spent some time in London with one of his masters and learnt to read, write and he became a Christian.​ He bought his freedom and returned to England, where he published a story of his life. His book was read widely and turned many people against slavery.​ Equiano travelled the country and spoke at meetings, working closely with abolitionists such as Granville Sharp.

Actions of other campaigners: Granville Sharp was an abolitionist who helped to secure the freedom of many enslaved people in Britain.​ He first won the freedom of a boy called Jonathan Strong, whom he had a chance encounter with on the streets of London after Strong had run away from his owner after having been viciously beaten.​ Sharp fought many cases like this in court which started a successful movement against the slave trade. However, he was not successful in bringing about widespread abolition.​ A key way in which he worked was to expose the shocking of cruelty such as the Zong.​ William Wilberforce used his position as an Member of Parliament to bring the issue to people’s attention.

Economics: By the early 19th century, the economic benefit of the slave trade had begun to slow in Britain.​ Keeping and maintaining slaves was far more expensive for plantation owners than paying workers a small wage. Countries such as Cuba and Brazil could soon offer goods such as sugar and tobacco at a cheaper rate than the West Indies (used slaves).​ The demand for slaves fell considerably.​

Question 42

When was the slave trade abolished?

Answer 42

1807

Question 43

When was slavery abolished?

Answer 43

1833

Question 44

What were the causes of the First World War?

Answer 44

• The Alliances
• The Anglo-German naval race and the European arms race
• Colonial rivalry
• The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Question 45

What were the alliances?

Answer 45

Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
• Triple Entente: Britain, France and Russia
This ensured any local conflict would quickly escalate into an international conflict as other countries were dragged in to support their allies.

Question 46

How did the Anglo-German naval race and the European arms race contribute to WW1?

Answer 46

Anglo-German naval race and the European arms race
• Britain was the greatest naval power, but the Germans wanted to build up their navy. This worried the British who were suspicious of Germany’s aims.
• The two sides competed to build Dreadnoughts. Britain built 29 and Germany built 17.
• Countries also built up their armies to protect their borders and deter other countries from attacking.
• Germany had the most powerful army in Europe, with 1.5m troops by 1914.
• These races caused rivalry, tension and distrust between the different alliances.

Question 47

How did Colonial Rivalry contribute to WW1?

Answer 47

• The Kaiser wanted Germany to have a great empire, but this worried Britain and France who thought Germany might threaten their empires.
• The Kaiser tried to challenge France for control of Morocco in the Moroccan Crisis of 1905 and the Agadir Crisis of 1911. However, he failed and Britain and France became closer.
• This meant that the Kaiser felt humiliated and it created tension and distrust between the European powers.

Question 48

How did the Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand contribute to WW1?

Answer 48

• The heir to the Austrian throne was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip on 28th June 1914.
• Princip and his fellow assassins were Bosnian Serbs and Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination and used it as an excuse to declare war on Serbia.
• This triggered the two rival alliances and the different European powers were dragged into the conflict to support their allies.

Question 49

What was the Schlieffen plan?

Answer 49

• Germany was very worried about the threat of encirclement.
• The Schlieffen Plan was Germany’s plan to avoid fighting a war on two fronts.
• The idea was to send German troops through Belgium and defeat France within 6 weeks, knocking them out of the war. They would then turn their attention to Russia, who they believed would take a long time to mobilise.

Question 50

When was the Schlieffen plan put into action?

Answer 50

They put the plan into action on 4th August 1914 and invaded Belgium.

Question 51

Why did the Schlieffen plan fail?

Answer 51

• The Belgian army fought bravely and slowed down the German advance.
• The Russians mobilised much quicker than the Germans expected and the Germans had to transfer troops to the east.
• The British Expeditionary Force arrived in France on August 23rd and helped the French to slow down the Germans.
• The British and French stopped the German advance in the Battle of the Marne.

Question 52

What was the western front?

Answer 52

• Neither side was able to make further progress. By 8th September 1914 both sides were digging trenches to protect themselves. By November 1914 fighting had reached a stalemate which was to last until 1918.
• A line of trenches was dug, stretching from the sea in the west to the Alps in the east. This became known as the Western Front.