History Finals Flashcards
What are three features that distinguish the modern period from the early modern period?
Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (17th to 18th centuries), Industrial Revolution and Technological Advances (18th to 19th centuries), Nation-States and Political Changes (16th to 19th centuries).
What do we mean by “nationalism” in a historical and objective sense (as something neither good nor bad per se but that is a traceable phenomenon)? What are its three components?
Cultural Component:
Cultural nationalism emphasizes the shared cultural attributes, traditions, language, and history that define a particular group of people as a distinct nation.
Emotional Component:
The emotional or affective component of nationalism involves the sentiments, attachments, and emotional ties that individuals feel toward their nation.
Political Component:
Political nationalism involves the pursuit of self-governance and political autonomy for a specific nation.
What are three components of state-building as a historical occurrence and endeavor?
Institutional Development, Infrastructure and Economic Development, Nation-Building and Social Cohesion.
What are three components of early capitalism and protoindustrialization that were an important step in development from medieval feudalism to the modern era?
Market-Oriented Economy:
One of the fundamental shifts in the transition to early capitalism was the emergence of a market-oriented economy.
Enclosure Movements and Agricultural Changes:
The enclosure movements were a significant feature of the transition to early capitalism.
Protoindustrialization and Cottage Industries:
Protoindustrialization refers to the period before the full-fledged Industrial Revolution when there was a growth in manufacturing activities outside the traditional urban centers.
What ideas of John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Montesquieu informed modern liberalism and the development of constitutional republican governments in Europe?
John Locke (1632–1704):
Locke’s ideas, particularly expressed in his work “Two Treatises of Government,” profoundly influenced the concept of individual rights and the social contract.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778):
Rousseau’s work “The Social Contract.” Rousseau argued for the idea of the general will, which represents the collective interests and common good of the people.
Montesquieu (1689–1755):
Montesquieu’s “The Spirit of the Laws” introduced the idea of the separation of powers within a government.
There were settler colonies in 17th and 18th century North America from England, France, and Spain. Explain how their respective approaches differed in terms of local government, economy, relations with the home country, and relationships with the native peoples.
English Colonies:
Local Government:
Self government were settlers established the law.
Economy:
New England relied on shipbuilding, fishing, agriculture, tobacco cultivation and later, rice and indigo.
Relations with the Home Country:
The English colonies were more Independent.
Relationships with Native Peoples:
English colonization mix of conflict/cooperation with Natives.
French Colonies:
Local Government:
The French colonies had more centralized and hierarchical system of governance.
Economy:
The French colonies had economies centered around fur trade, particularly in the vast interior of North America.
Relations with the Home Country:
The French colonies maintained connection with the home country through direct governance.
Relationships with Native Peoples:
French cooperated with Natives in the fur trade. Often intermarrying.
Spanish Colonies:
Local Government:
Spanish colonies, initially had a system of centralized control.
Economy:
The Spanish colonies focused on extractive industries such as mining , agriculture, and ranching. Used a lot of forced labour natives.
Relations with the Home Country:
The Spanish crown had control over colonies, with governors.
Relationships with Native Peoples:
Spanish tried to convert native to Christianity through missions. Also exploited them a lot for free labor.
How did post 1800 modern colonialism differ from earlier forms of colonialism?
Industrialization and Economic Motivations:
Earlier Colonialism (Pre-1800): Early colonialism was driven by mercantilist policies, where colonies were viewed as sources of goods.
Post-1800 Modern Colonialism: European powers looked for not only raw materials but also strategic locations for manufacturing industrial goods.
Imperialism and Formal Empires:
Earlier Colonialism (Pre-1800): early colonies were established through trading posts and informal control.
Post-1800 Modern Colonialism: In the 19th century the rise of formal empires who had direct control, centralized administration, and annexation of territories.
Ideological Justifications:
Earlier Colonialism (Pre-1800): Religious missions and wealth motivations for early colonial endeavors.
Post-1800 Modern Colonialism: In the 19th and 20th centuries, the idea of racial and cultural superiority became popular.
Technological Advancements:
Earlier Colonialism (Pre-1800): Exploration and early colonial relied on basic navigation and transportation technologies, limiting the scale of enterprises.
Post-1800 Modern Colonialism: Technological advancements, including steamships, telegraphs, and later railroads, facilitated global connectivity.
What was 19th century “scientific racism,” why was it respectable, and how was it exploited?
Misuse of Scientific Language, Social Darwinism, Colonial Interests, Confirmation Bias.
How it was exploited:
Colonial Policies, Racial Pseudo-Science, Eugenics Movement, Racial Segregation and Discrimination.
What are three different ways that various Japanese and Chinese persons or groups responded to the presence of European and US American businesspeople, military personnel, and Christian missionaries in the early modern and modern eras?
Japan:
Sakoku Policy and Limited Engagement (17th-19th centuries):
arrival of European traders, missionaries, and military in the 16th and 17th centuries, Japan made the sakoku policy means “closed country.”
Meiji Restoration and Westernization (Late 19th century):
In the late 19th century, Japan changed policy known as the Meiji Restoration.
Nationalism and Anti-Western Sentiment (Late 19th to Early 20th centuries):
As Japan progressed, a rise in nationalism.
China:
Opium Wars and Unequal Treaties (19th century)
Boxer Rebellion and Anti-Imperialist Movements (Late 19th to Early 20th centuries)
Chinese Communist Revolution (Mid-20th century)
What are two factors that kept Latin American countries from developing more than they might have otherwise done so during the 19th century?
Dependency on Primary Exports and Economic Structure, Political Instability and Governance Challenges:
Who were the Young Turks and what about them made them “modern”?
The “Young Turks” were a group of nationalist individuals who wanted to modernize the Ottoman state. What made the modern: Reform, Secularism, Reform of Education, Military Reform, Centralized Power.
Explain three ways that World War I and World War II were “total” wars?
Mobilization of Entire Societies, Economic Warfare and Industrialization, Targeting Civilian Populations.
Name six ways that occupied populations resisted during WWII.
Partisan and Guerrilla Warfare, Sabotage and Espionage, Underground Press and Propaganda, Civil Disobedience and Noncooperation, Rescue and Aid to Persecuted Groups, Assisting Allied Forces.
Name three things that motivate persons to collaborate with occupying forces?
Survival and Self-Preservation, Ideological Sympathy or Shared Beliefs, Economic Incentives and Opportunities.
What are three things from the period between the world wars that made many Western Europeans and North Americans pessimistic or anxious about humanity and its future?
The Impact of World War I, The Great Depression, Rise of Totalitarianism and Threat of War.
