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Microbiology > History of Micro L1 > Flashcards

History of Micro L1 Flashcards

1
Q

reported life’s smallest units were cells, beginning of cell theory

A

Robert Hook

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2
Q

lens maker, discovered microbial world, call them “beasties,” protozoa in 1674, bacteria in 1676

A

Leeuwenhoek

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3
Q

dev. taxonomic system for naming plants/ animals, grouped them together

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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4
Q

showed decaying meat isolated from flies did not get maggots

A

Francesco Redi

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5
Q

boiled and sealed gravy infusions, observed they were cloudy days later, attributed to spontaneous life force

A

John T. Needham

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6
Q

boiled infusions almost one hour, closed vials stayed clear, those exposed to air - cloudy

A

Lazzaro Spallanzi

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7
Q

discovered anaerobes ferment grape juice, pasteurization, and began industrial microbio or biotec, using microbes to manufacture products

A

Louise Pasteur

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8
Q

challenged case of spontaneous generation with concept of biogenesis - the idea that living cells only arise from pre-existing cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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9
Q

showed fermentation does not need living cells, demonstrated presence of enzymes, began field of biochem

A

Edward Buchner

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10
Q

investigated etiology, studied infected animal blood and showed given pathogen causes specific disease

A

Robert Koch

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11
Q

showed protozoan cause of malaria

A

Charles Laveran

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12
Q

described bacteria causing diphtheria

A

Edwin Klebs

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13
Q

disease in tobacco plant passed through filter, a virus

A

Ivanowski and Beijerinck

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14
Q

proved in 1900 viruses cause disease

A

Walter Reed

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15
Q

developed stain using series of dyes to separate bacteria into 2 groups

A

Christian Gram

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16
Q

Hungary, required hand washing with chlorinated lime water to eliminate “cadaver particles” carrying disease

A

Ignaz Semmelweis

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17
Q

founder of antiseptic surgery, used phenol (carbolic acid)

A

Joseph Lister

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18
Q

nurse introduced cleanliness/antiseptic technique into nursing

A

Florence Nightingale

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19
Q

studied cholera in contaminated water, documented need for clean water/sewage treatment, foundation for infectious control and epidemiology

A

John Snow

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20
Q

study of immunology and vaccination, used cowpox pus to inoculate son, son got cowpox but became immune

A

Edward Jenner

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21
Q

studied chem that killed microbes deferentially but not people, chemotherapy

A

Paul Ehrlich

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22
Q

proposed bacterial biochem shared by all living things

A

Kluyver and Van Niel

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23
Q

determined genes determine molecules of DNA

A

Avery/Macleod/Maclyn

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24
Q

proposed gene sequence could provide understanding of evolutionary relationships

A

Linus Pauling

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25
Q

established genes actively related to function of protein encoded by that gene

A

Beadle/Tatum

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26
Q

significant influence in nucleic acids reveal 3 major groups: bacteria, archae and eukaryotes

A

Carl Woese

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27
Q

middle east respiratory syndrome, 339 cases between 4/2012 and 6/2014

A

MERS

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28
Q

sever acute respiratory syndrome, in China in 2002, coronavirus

A

SARS

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29
Q

H5N1 or bird flu, 2003 killed millions of poultry and 24 people, 2013 different avian flu H7N9, 131 people sick in China

A

avian influenza

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30
Q

methicillin resistant S. aureus

A

1980s MRSA

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31
Q

vancomycin intermediate S. aureus

A

1990s VRSA

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32
Q

multidrug resistant TB, resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin

A

MDR-TB

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33
Q

West Nile Encephalitis/Virus

A

WNE

34
Q

1996, bovine spongiform encephalitis (mad cow)

A

BSE

35
Q

Creutzfeld-Jakob Disease, human prior disease, vCJD related to BSE

A

CJD

36
Q

2004, kills nearly 14,000 each year

A

clostridium difficile

37
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

EHF

38
Q

hemorrhagic fever

A

Marburg virus

39
Q

1993, outbreak in Milwaukee water supply

A

cryptosporidium

40
Q

AIDS/HIV first came to public attention in ____

A

1981

41
Q

all organisms too small to see w/o microscope

A

microbes/microorganisms

42
Q

eukaryotic (membrane-bound nucleus) with cell walls, get food from other organisms

A

fungi

43
Q

multicellular, grow as filaments called hyphae

A

molds

44
Q

unicellular, oval/round, reproduce by budding

A

yeasts

45
Q

single-cell eukaryotes, typically live in water, some in animals hosts

A

protozoa

46
Q

uni/multi cellular, photosynthetic

A

prokaryotes

47
Q

many have cell walls w peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

48
Q

in extreme environments, no peptidoglycan

A

archae

49
Q

abiogenesis - idea that life arises from non-living things

A

spontaneous generation

50
Q

technique for observing/answering scientific questions

A

scientific method

51
Q

accepted hypothesis, verified by many scientists and experiments over years

A

theory/law

52
Q

group with known outcome

A

control group

53
Q

group receiving experimental treatment and unknown outcome

A

experimental group

54
Q

study of occurence, distribution, and spread of disease

A

epidemiology

55
Q

previously nosocomial infection, acquired in healthcare setting

A

HAI = hospital acquired infection

56
Q

study of specific body defenses against pathogens

A

immunology

57
Q

search for substances to destroy pathogens

A

modern chemotherapy

58
Q

treatment of disease by chemical substances

A

chemotherapy

59
Q

chemical produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act on microbes

A

antibiotics

60
Q

combines biochem, cellular bio, and genetics

A

molecular biology

61
Q

genetic engineering, gene manipulation

A

recombinant DNA technology

62
Q

process of inserting missing gene or repairing a gene in human cells

A

gene therapy

63
Q

study of role of microbes in environment

A

environmental microbio

64
Q

use of living organisms to detoxify polluted environments

A

bioremediation

65
Q

microbes we live with our entire lives, on and inside our bodies, do not harm us and many actually beneficial, help give us resistance to disease

A

normal flora

66
Q

emerging field of study, finding that these microbes have many other roles in our health than previously thought

A

human microbiome

67
Q

aggregation of microbes, function as group, can be harmful (such as endocarditis) or beneficial to buffer disease

A

biofilm

68
Q

pathogens that invade a susceptible host

A

infectious diseases

69
Q

diseases that are new or changing, are increasing or have potential to increase

A

emerging infectious diseases (EID)

70
Q

all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells

A

cell theory

71
Q

started study of metabolism

A

role of biochemistry

72
Q

1857-1907; from Pasteur to Flemming with pharmaceutical microbio

A

Golden Age of Microbiology

73
Q

bacteria, archae

A

two examples of prokaryotes

74
Q

fungi, molds, yeast, protozoa and algae

A

examples of eukaryotes

75
Q

multicellular, grow as filaments, and reproduce by sexual and asexual spores

A

fungi

76
Q

dengue, influenza, measles

A

examples of enveloped viruses

77
Q

What causes acidic fermentation?

A

anaerobic conditions

78
Q

inserting a gene or repairing a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells

A

gene therapy

79
Q

RBCs, WBCs, and other components of blood

A

components of blood plasma

80
Q

proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, and hormones

A

components of blood serum

Microbiology (10 decks)

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