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Introduction to Norway > History of Norway > Flashcards

History of Norway Flashcards

1
Q

Historical Eras

A
  1. Prehistoric times (10 000 BC - 800 AD)
  2. The viking age (800 - 1066)
  3. The middle ages (1066 - 1537)
  4. Denmark-Norway (1537 - 1814)
  5. Union with Sweden (1814 - 1905)
  6. Modern times (1905 - )
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2
Q

First immigrants

A
  • Immigrated around 9 000 - 10 000 BC (Ice sheets melted)
  • Came through Sweden/Finland/Germany
  • Lived in tent like constructions or natural shelters
  • Ate meat, birds, eggs
  • Hunter and gatherers
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3
Q

The Bronze Age

A

1800 - 500 BC
-Used for status items and weapons (Limited effects for majority)
- Bronze had to be imported –> improved contact to south

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4
Q

The Iron Age

A

500 BC - 1066 AC

  • Celts introduced Scandinavians to Iron
  • Farms and Families became bedrock of society –> First villages

-Influence by romian culture

  • Western romian empire crumbled –> Power vacuum –> many petty kingdoms
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5
Q

The Sami People

A
  • Close to Finland/Russia
  • Also strong presence in inland
  • Not known when tey settled in northern Scandinavia
  • Taxed from the 10th century
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6
Q

The Viking Age (Sequence of events)

A

800 - 1066

  • The raid of Lindisfarne 793 (first contemporary description of a viking raid) marks start of the Viking age
  • First pillage raids (Monasteries were easy targets, wealthy, poorly defended)
  • Later settlement and trading
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7
Q

The Viking age (Fun Facts)

A
  • Trade routes have been established long before
  • Improved weapons and shipbuilding
  • More people fighting for same resources
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8
Q

Unification and Christianity

A

~880 to ~1050/1240
- From petty kingdoms to a unified country
- Christianity became a tool from 10th century
- Typical european medivial kingdom was christian

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9
Q

The End of the Viking Age

A

1066

-When english king Edward the Confessordied, King Harald Hardråde attacked
- Norsemen lost in Septe,ber, won in October –> english interests shift from Scandinavia to european continent

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10
Q

The Transition from the Viking Age to the MIddle Ages

A
  • From adventures abroad t odomistic consolidation
  • More centralised christian kingdom
    Church brought writing to the court
  • Urban growth
  • Integratio into a european cultural sphere
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11
Q

Norwegian Civil Wars

A

1130 - 1240
- Håkun Håkunsson wins last battle
- Wars contributed to growth of the state and bureaucracy

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12
Q

The Norwegian Golden Age

A

1240 - 1319

-Largest geographical extent
- Increased international trade (esp. Germany)
- Music. literature, cultural production

  • Kalmar Union (Norway, Denmark, Sweden) in 1397
  • Unstable from 1450, Sweden breaks loose in 1523
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13
Q

The Plague

A
  • Arrives around 1349
  • Extreme mortality
    -Black Death in Europe around 1350
  • Returning plagues
  • pOpulation decreased from 450-500 to 180 thousand
  • Number of deaths not certain
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14
Q

Establishment of Denmark-Norway

A

1537 - 1814
- King Christian III brought reformation to Denmark/Norway
- Arcbishop fled –> loss of indepandance
- Catholic council state of Norway lost against reformation –> loss of sovereignty

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15
Q

The End of the Middle Ages

A
  • Royals stayed in Denmark, visits to Norwaz became rare –> Church filled power vacuum
  • Lutheran reformation was brought to Norway
    – Arcbishop escapes from Trondheim marking the end of the middle ages (among other events)
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16
Q

Norway under Denmark

A
  • The state grows larger
    -New borders
  • Increased control from the King (e.g. confiscated the Church’s properties and treasures)
  • More regular courts of law
  • Population grows
  • Less confrontation than in other european countries
  • Growth in industry and trade (Timber, Mining, Fishing, Shipping) –> More diversified income for most people
17
Q

The Napoleonic Wars in Norway

A

Wars 1803 - 1815
- Denmark-Norway tried to remain neutral but was forced to join forces with France in 1807
- Sweden conceded loss of Finland if Russia helped to conquer Norway –> zes if Sweden joined forces against France/Norway

18
Q

The End of Denmark-Norway

A
  • The peace of Kiel 1814: Norway ceded to Sweden –> End of Denmark-Norway
  • Norway to be an independent state in a personal union
19
Q

The Constitution

A
  • Danish heir apparent Christian Fredrik was smuggled to Norway
  • He did not accept terms of peace of Kiel
  • Assembled 21 leading citizens at Eidsvoll in February 1814 to elect representatives to write a constitution
  • Modelled after enlightment era principles
  • 112 representatives signed the constitution on 17th May 1814
  • Christian Fredrik was elected as King
  • Swedish heir apparent won a brief war, constitution was revised and finalised in 4th November 1814 –> personal union with Sweden
20
Q

The Peasants influence during the Union with Sweden

A

From 1814
- people in high offices retained their positions
- Peasants voted officials to the Storting

Early 1830s
- Peasants started looking to their own candidates –> The peasant parliment of 1833 (Tax reduction and local self-government)
- Peasant majority again from 1868
- Annual Storting sessions from 1869 (Strengthened Storting’s influence over government, which was still dominated by high ranking officials)

21
Q

Parlimentary Government

A
  • 1870’s: Storting wished for ministers to attend the Parliment in order to defend their policies
  • King vetoed it 3 times claiming a constitutional right –> Storting impeached government and won
  • Leader of majority party was asked to form a government (First time a poiticition is put in charge of this: Parlimentarism)
22
Q

Population and Societal changes

A
  • Improved conditions after ca. 1815 (Peace, more efficient farming/fishing, better transport conditions –> more trade, better nutrition –> less disease)
  • Poulation grow
23
Q

Industrialisation and Urbanisation

A
  • Population growth, new/better jobs in cities –> bigger cities
  • Industrial revolution in mid 19th century –> ties to europe were strengthened
  • Railroads, telegraph stations, steamboats
  • Tools helped farmers in rural areas/encouraged them to do other work (foresrtry, charcoal burning, …)
24
Q

Emmigration

A
  • 1860s - 1930s: About 800 000 Norwegians emmigrate to the US
  • Young men/religious people
  • Growing USA needed people in industry and agriculture
25
Q

The Dissolution of the Union with Sweden

A
  • International relations and economic life made it more important to develop indepndent foreign politics
  • Sense of Norwegian inferiority
  • 1902: Negotiations innitiated
  • 1904: Norway’s suggestion, revised by Sweden but unacceptable
  • New political consensus
  • 1905: Storting established seperate consular service
  • King refused to sign the act –> Government resigned, not accepted by king
    -07.06.: Storting voted unamimously that union under the king with Sweden is suspended because the king has ceased to function as the norwegian king
26
Q

Establishing a new Monarchy

A
  • Negotiations started again: Referndum was conducted (99,95 % in favour)
  • Peaceful dissolution after negotiations in September 1905
  • New referendum: Majority for monarchy
  • Prince Carl of Denmark was offered to be king by government, accepted: King Håkon VII of Norway
27
Q

Norway during WWI

A
  • Hard times: Government in control of distribution of food, sugar grain monopolies, rationing
  • Overall, class division got worse
28
Q

The Interwar Years

A
  • Economic troubles: Hard to get loans, expensive to have depts, battles over wages, concerns went bankrupt, …
  • Unemployement –> people start own companies creating jobs
  • Electric power in more reginons, radio broadcasts, more cars, buses
  • 8h work days –> more leasure, holidays
29
Q

Norway during WWII

A
  • Tried to remain neutral
  • Invaded by germany in 1940
  • King wouldn*t appoint a norwegia Nazi government –> foundation for Norwegian resistance movement
  • Government and royal family had to flee
  • Last norwegian troop surrendered 3 days later
    -1944: Sowjet Unioin gained control of the north
  • post-war rebuilding strengthened national cohesion
  • Neutral policy failed but collaboration with allies laid foundation for linkage with western power after 1945
30
Q

After WWII

A
  • People wanted to avoid return to inter war conditions
  • Labour party led government
  • Extraordinary economic growth after
  • 1966 search for oil in north sea started, many companies gave up
  • Much found in 1969
  • Immediate build up of an oil industry
  • Taxation and strict public management of the wealth
31
Q

EU and EC

A
  • Two times voted no (1972 and 1994)
  • Reasons: National sovereignity, foreign buisiness interests, democratic process
  • Member of EEA
32
Q

Topical Issues Today

A
  • Global warming
  • Immigration
  • Tension between NATO and russia
  • 2011 attcks

Introduction to Norway (7 decks)

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