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HNSS > HNSS_Week3 > Flashcards

HNSS_Week3 Flashcards

1
Q

First Arch Syndrome

A

developmental malformation of eyes, ears, mandible, and palate due to insufficient NCC migration into 1st pharyngeal arch during 4th week

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2
Q

Pierre-Robin Sequence

A

type of 1st arch syndrome, small mandible, cleft palate, posterior tongue displacement

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3
Q

Treacher Collins Syndrome

A

type of 1st arch syndrome, malar hypoplasia, micrognathia, ear and lower eyelid abnormalities

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4
Q

Goldenhar Syndrome

A

type of oculo-auriculo-vertebral abnormality, due to atypical 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arch development that causes incomplete ear, nose, soft palate, lip and mandible, typically assymetrical

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5
Q

Cervical (branchial) Sinus

A

external opening near anterior border of SCM due to failed closure of cervical sinus

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6
Q

Cervical cyst

A

remnant of cervical sinus persists, can produce slowly enlarging, painless swelling in neck

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7
Q

Cervical fistula

A

cervical sinus remains open into tonsillar sinus and open on side of neck, due to persistance of part of 2nd pharygeal groove and pouch

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8
Q

Ectopic Parathyroid Glands

A

Parathyroid glands stop migrating early or do not detach from thymus, located near/within thyroid or thymus

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9
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, signaling between pharyngeal endoderm and NCCs disrupted, congenital heart defects, mild facial dysmorphology, learning disabilities, thymic hypoplasia

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10
Q

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

A

persistant thyroglossal duct, painless moveable enlarging mass in anterior neck inferior to hyoid bone, if infected can develop into thyroglossal duct sinus

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11
Q

Ectopic Thryoid Gland

A

functional thyroid tissue found along descending route, linugal thyroid gland (most common, tissue at base of tongue, may be asymptomatic or can have airway obstruction), sublingual thyroid gland (tissue near thyroid gland)

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12
Q

Cleft Lip

A

due to failed fusion of maxillary and and medial nasal prominences, more common in males, may be associated with cleft palate

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13
Q

Macrostomia

A

unusually wide mouth due to failed fusion of maxillary and mandibular prominences

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14
Q

Cleft of Anterior Palate

A

due to failed fusion of lateral palatine process with primary plate

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15
Q

Cleft of Posterior Palate

A

due to failed fusion of lateral palatine prcesses with nasal septum

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16
Q

Preauricular pit/sinus/tag

A

branchial anomaly, majority are asymptomatic, associated with higher risk of hearing impairment, can have cosmetic intervention

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17
Q

Lop ear

A

defect in antihelical fold, asymptomatic, can have cosmetic intervention

18
Q

Microtia

A

small malformed pinna, needs hearing evaluation, assoicated with aural atresia, grades 1-4 (no external ear or canal)

19
Q

Atresia of external acoustic meatus

A

failure of meatal plug degeneration, associated with 1st arch syndrome and microtia, variable defects in middle or inner ear

20
Q

Ossicle Abnormalities

A

present with hearing difficulties

21
Q

Genetic syndromic hearing loss

A

associated with other signs of congenital disease

22
Q

Genetic nonsyndromic hearing loss

A

solely affect hearing/balance

23
Q

Waardenburg Syndrome

A

AD syndromic hearing loss, defect in neural crest-derived melanocytes, white forelock, broad nasal root, blue eyes, heterochromia iridium

24
Q

Non-genetic causes of hearing loss

A

CMV (most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss), hypoxia/anoxia, ototoxins (aminoglycosides - high frequency hearing loss; quinine derivatives - irreversible sensorineural hearing loss with tinnitus)

25
Q

Otitis Externa

A

“Swimmer’s Ear”, conductive hearing loss of external ear due to bacterial infection, Tx clean ear canal, antibiotic with or without steroid drops if severe

26
Q

Cerumen impaction

A

conductive hearing loss of external ear

27
Q

Otosclerosis

A

sclerosis at footplate of stapes detected by CT, conductive hearing loss

28
Q

Acute Otitis Media

A

conductive hearing loss of middle ear, typically has ear pain (otalgia) tympanic membrane becomes prurulent and may perforate, Tx oral antibiotics

29
Q

Chronic otitis media with effusion

A

conductive hearing loss of middle ear, eustachian tube dysfunction causes accumulation of fluid in middle ear

30
Q

Tympanic membrane perforation

A

Can be traumatic or secondary to chrnoic middle ear disease

31
Q

Tinnitus

A

sounds such as humming, buzzing, Tx tinnitus masking, cognitive behavioral therapy

32
Q

Meniere Disease

A

primary endolympatic hydrops (increased endolymph volume)

33
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

Vestibular Schwannoma, Tx watchful waiting with MRIs

34
Q

Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

A

vertigo lasting seconds, due to crystals that break off into semicircular canals, Tx Epley Maneuver

35
Q

Zenker’s Diverticulum

A

Weakened Killian’s triangle –> diverticulum, dysphagia

36
Q

“CP bar” impairment

A

Due to lack of cricopharyngeus/upper esophageal sphincter inhibition by CNX

37
Q

Dysphagia complication

A

Diffuculty swallowing increases risk of pneumonia

38
Q

Laryngeal Cancer

A

Sx Hoarseness, coughing, dysphagia; Risk factors smoking, HPV

39
Q

Unilateral injury to inferior laryngeal nerves

A

occurs with recurrent laryngeal N injury, Sx hoarseness, breathy voice, inability to adduct vocal fold

40
Q

Bilateral injury to inferior laryngeal N

A

occurs with recurrent laryngeal N injury, loss of voice (inability to adduct vocal folds), respiratory distress (inability to abduct vocal folds)

41
Q

Injury to internal laryngeal N

A

occurs with superior laryngeal N injury, aspiration of food (sensory loss above the vocal folds)

42
Q

Injury to external laryngeal N

A

occurs with superior laryngeal N injury, monotone voice (paralysis of cricothyroid)

HNSS (3 decks)

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