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Biology (high school) > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone triggers the liver to convert glycogen into glucose?

A

Glucagon

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2
Q

Insulin is released from which organ of the endocrine system?

A

Pancreas

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3
Q

What is glucose converted into to store in the liver?

A

Glucogen

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4
Q

What is it called when your blood glucose level is too high?

A

Hyperglycaemia

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5
Q

What organ measures blood sugar levels and decides what to do about it?

A

Pancreas

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6
Q

What is the main unit of filtration in the kidney?

A

The nephron

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7
Q

What is the site of ultrafiltration in the nephron?

A

Loop of Henle

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8
Q

Where does urea come from?

A

Broken down amino acids

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9
Q

What is a hormone?

A

They are signalling molecules that travel through the circulatory system

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10
Q

Adrenaline

Source?
In response to…
It’s effects…

A

Arenal glands
Fear, anger or stress
Fight of flight response

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11
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Source?
In response to…
Its effects…

A

Pituitary gland
Low water pressure in blood measured by hypothalamus
Increased permeability of the nephron collecting duct

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12
Q

Insulin

Source?
In response to…
Its effect…

A

Pancreas
High glucose levels in the blood measured by the pancreas
Causes the liver to convert glucose to glycogen

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13
Q

Glucagon

Source?
In response to…
Its effect…

A

Pancreas
Low glucose levels in the blood measured by the pancreas
Causes the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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14
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

Source?
In response to…
Its effect…

A

Hypothalamus
Low body temperature
Causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

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15
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Source?
In response to…
Its effect…

A

Pituitary gland
Increased TRH levels
Causes the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

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16
Q

Thyroxine

Source?
In response to…
Its effect…

A

Thyroid gland
Increased TSH levels
Causes increased cell metabolism generating heat

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17
Q

define what homeostasis is

A

Homeostasis is the maintenance of an organisms internal environment, encouraging it to stay at optimum conditions

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18
Q

what are internal conditions controlled by?

A

the endocrine system, nervous system and behavioural patterns

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19
Q

what is the endocrine system?
major organs which are apart of it?

A

glands located all around the body, they are not joined together.
Pancreas and liver are apart of this system.

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20
Q

define what negative feedback is

A

negative feedback works by initiating corrective mechanisms whenever the internal environment deviates from its normal or acceptable level.
(brings things back to normal, against the direction which is wrong)

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21
Q

define what positive feedback is

A

positive feedback is when a level deviates, and this level is encouraged to continue increasing or decreasing instead of being brought back to normal

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22
Q

define the term ‘thermostable environment’

A

an environment where the temperature does not vary very much. Therefore, organisms do not need to do very much to maintain their body temperature.

23
Q

difference between ectotherms and endotherms?

A

ectotherms = control body temperature from other sources (sun, shelter, metabolic heat)

endotherms = control their body temperature from themselves (metabolic, fur/feathers)

24
Q

How do endotherms cool down/deal with an increased temperature.

A
  • thermoreceptor in the brain checking the temperature of the blood as it moves through.
  • Increased temperature triggers the heat loss centre.
  • triggers sweat glands in the skin or shunt vessel closes pushing more blood to the surface.
25
Q

how do endotherms warm up/deal with a decreased temperature.

A
  • turn off sweat glands
  • cause erector muscles in the skin causing goose bumps. hair standing up traps a layer of heat next to skin.
  • shunt vessels open, closes blood vessels near the skin, directing blood through the shunt vessel which is closer to the inside of the body.
  • body turns blueish
26
Q

describe what happens when a human experiences hyperthermia

A

body’s core temperature rises above 41 degrees C, so hot that it is dangerous.

positive response occurs, rising body temperature even further.

27
Q

describe what happens when a human experiences hypothermia

A

Body’s core temperature drops below 35 degrees C.

positive response occurs, dropping body temperature even further.

28
Q

explain the glucose/glycogen cycle/glucoregulation

A

Glucose is sourced from broken down complex carbohydrates such as starch.

If blood glucose level is too high, glucagon is released to turn the glucose into glycogen.

Glycogen is then stored in the liver and muscles for later use.

29
Q

Describe type 1 diabetes

A

Early on set (usually in childhood)

insulin producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed, reducing insulin production, therefore signals to remove glucose from the blood are not present

injection of insulin will fix it

30
Q

Describe type 2 diabetes

A

Late on set

body becomes resistant to insulin

liver gets overwhelmed by insulin which is being released, and it begins ignoring it

injections of insulin are ineffective

have to reduce the amount of insulin being produced, by regulating diet and exercise

31
Q

where does urea come from?

A

Urea is produced from excess amino acids being broken down by the liver.

32
Q

what is a nephron?

A

a nephron is the filtering unit of the kidney

33
Q

define what a reflex is

A

a fast automatic/involuntary protective system that link a stimulus to a response.

they are involuntary because they CNS sends electrical signals to the muscles before the brain can pick up the message.

34
Q

what is included in the CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

list the 5 stages of a reflex arc

A

stage 1 - receptor
stage 2 - nerve impulse travels along a sensory neurone to the spinal cord
stage 3 - neurone transmitter
stage 4 - motor neurone
stage 5 - effector organ

36
Q

what is a synapse, and what happens here?

A

a synapse is the junction between two neurones, where electrical signals pass.

when a nerve impulse arrives at the end of one neurone it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles.

the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind with receptors on the next neurone, triggering another impulse.

37
Q

describe the relationship between CO2 and O2 and the negative feedback response

A

you cannot have too much O2, you cannot have too little CO2.
negative feedback is constantly pushing down CO2 levels and always pushing up O2 levels.

Body measures CO2 levels in the blood. If you take care of CO2 then O2 will be taken care of.

38
Q

list 4 things which can effect O2 and CO2 levels in the blood

A
  • concentration of O2 in the air
  • holding your breath
  • exercise
  • lack of red blood cells carrying O2 around the body
39
Q

what does the brain stem do in regards to breathing?

A

blood passes through the brain stem/breathing centre and CO2 diffuses into receptor cells.

Receptor cells measure the internal pH (should be 7.4)

If the pH is low, a nerve impulse is triggered to cause deeper and faster breathing.

once pH is back to normal, impulse reduces.

40
Q

difference between sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

A

sympathetic = winds you up
parasympathetic = calms you

41
Q

what causes adrenaline to be released?

A

If a threat is judged from the senses, then a signal is sent via the sympathetic nervous system to the adrenal glands which sit on top of the kidneys.
when adrenal glands are triggered, adrenaline is released.

42
Q

what does adrenaline do to the body?
(8 things)

A
  • causes blood vessels in muscles to dilate (open) to increase oxygen and glucose to muscles
  • blood vessels in core constrict, providing more blood to muscles
  • heart beats faster increasing oxygen and glucose
  • synapses fire quicker, helps in processing faster
  • increase in breathing for more oxygen
  • pancreas releases glucagon, encouraging liver to break glycogen into glucose
  • pupils dilate to see better
  • air passages open up, increasing oxygen uptake
43
Q

list the 4 parts of a neurone

A
  1. cell body
  2. axon
  3. dendrites
  4. myelin sheath
44
Q

what are glands and what do they do?

A

glands are organs which secrete different hormones which each have a specific target cell on which it acts.
they are apart of the endocrine system.

45
Q

What is it called when your blood glucose level is too low?

A

hypoglycaemia

46
Q

describe the following about a signal from the nervous system
- signal type
- speed of signal
- duration of signal

A
  • signal type
    electrical
  • speed of signal
    reach the target cell in milliseconds (direct)
  • duration of signal
    short lasting
47
Q

describe the following about a signal from the endocrine/hormone system
- signal type
- speed of signal
- duration of signal

A
  • signal type
    chemical
  • speed of signal
    relatively slow, travelling through the bloodstream
  • duration of signal
    long lasting
48
Q

explain what happens around a nephron (specifically ADH)

A

nephrons process waste in the blood and create urine.

the function of ADH is to increase the water permeability of the collecting duct of the nephron, thus controlling the concentration of the urine.

49
Q

define what aquaporins are and their function

A

aquaporins are known as transmembrane channel proteins that create pores for water to move across a membrane.

50
Q

define what an effector is

A

an effector is the organ which responds to a signal
e.g. the liver responding to insulin

51
Q

summarise the process of TRH, TSH, thyroxine and why they are released and what they do

A

TRH is triggered when body temperature is low, and it causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

TSH is triggered by high levels of TRH, and it causes the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

thyroxine is triggered by high levels of TSH and it causes an increase in cell metabolism, increasing heat.

REMEMBER ALPHABET (q, R, S, T, u, v)

52
Q

summarise the process of TRH, TSH, thyroxine and why they are released and what they do

A

TRH is triggered when body temperature is low, and it causes the pituitary gland to release TSH

TSH is triggered by high levels of TRH, and it causes the thyroid gland to release thyroxine

thyroxine is triggered by high levels of TSH and it causes an increase in cell metabolism, increasing heat.

REMEMBER ALPHABET (q, R, S, T, u, v)

52
Q

define what an effector is

A

an effector is the organ which responds to a signal
e.g. the liver responding to insulin

53
Q

define what a neurotransmitter is and what it does

A

a neurotransmitters carries chemical signals from one neurone to the next target cell (target cells could be nerve cells, muscle cells or glands).

Biology (high school) (3 decks)

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