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Biology > Homeostasis And Response > Flashcards

Homeostasis And Response Flashcards

1
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

The regulation of the conditions inside an organism and cells to maintain a stable internal environment, in response to changes in both internal and external conditions.

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2
Q

Why is homeostasis important ?

A

Cells need the right conditions in order to function properly, including the right conditions for enzyme action.

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3
Q

What 3 things are controlled in your body through homeostasis ?

A

Body temperature, blood glucose level and water content.

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4
Q

Define automatic control systems found in the body.

A

Systems that regulate your internal environment. E.g. nervous and hormonal communication systems.

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5
Q

What 3 main components are all automatic control systems made up of ?

A

Receptors, coordination centres and effectors.

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6
Q

How do our body’s automatic control systems keep our internal environment stable ?

A

By using a mechanism called negative feedback.

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7
Q

When is negative feedback used in order to keep a stable internal environment ?

A

When the level of something ( water content, body temperature or blood glucose levels ) get too high or low the body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal.

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8
Q

How does the automatic control system react when the level of something ( water or temp ) gets too high ?

A

1) the receptor detects a stimulus where the level is too high

2) the coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organises a response.

3) the effector produces a response which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level by decreasing the level.

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9
Q

How does the automatic control system react when a stimulus is detected and the level is too low ?

A

1) the receptor detects the stimulus where the level is too low of something.

2) the coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organises a response.

3) the effector produces a response, which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level with an increase of the level of something.

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10
Q

How might the effector cause negative feedback to be ineffective ?

And How is this regulated to make sure it does not happen ?

A

This is because the effectors will continue to produce a response for as long as they’re stimulated by the coordination centre. Therefore the level of change may be too much and not restore the internal environment to an optimum level.

However the receptor regulates this problem by detecting the level change if it becomes too different and negative feedback starts again.

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11
Q

What is the difference to how single - celled organisms respond to their environment and how multicellular organisms respond to changes their environment ?

A

A single celled organism can just respond to its environment, but the cells of multicellular organisms need to communicate with each other first m.

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12
Q

Why have nervous and hormonal communication systems been evolved aa multicellular organisms have Evolved ?

A

This is because multicellular organisms need to communicate with each other first in order to make a change to its environment to restore the internal environment to optimum levels in response to an external stimuli therefore need communication systems.

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13
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Nervous system ?

A

1) the central nervous system
( the brain and spinal cord )

2) sensory neurones

3) motor neurones

4) effectors

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14
Q

Explain the function / role for each of the 4 parts of the nervous system.

A

1) the CNS - connected to the body by sensory neurones and motor neurones.

2) sensory neurones - carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS.

3) motor neurones - neurones that carry electrical impulses from the CNS to effectors.

4) effectors - all the muscles and glands, which respond to nervous impulses.

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15
Q

Define what a receptor does.

A

Cells that detect stimuli

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16
Q

Define what an effector does.

A

Muscles or glands which Respond to nervous impulses and brings about a change.

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17
Q

Describe how a muscles job as an effector is different to how a gland acts as an effector.

A
  • muscles contract in response to a nervous impulse.
  • glands secrete hormones
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18
Q

Describe how the central nervous system ( CNS ) coordinates a response in relation to a change in the environment.

A

1) a change in the environment occurs, either internal or external ( the stimulus)

2) the receptors in an organism or cell are stimulated.

3) sensory neurones carry the information from the receptors to the CNS

4) the CNS coordinates a response.

5) the CNS then sends information to the muscles/ glands in an organism along motor neurones

6) the muscles/ glands produce a response in order to survive.

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19
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called ?

A

A synapse

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20
Q

How is a nerve signal transferred from one neurone to another ?

A

Transferee by chemicals which diffuse across the synapse ( gap between two neurones)

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21
Q

What happens after a nerve signal is transferred from one synapse to another via diffusion ?

A

The Chemicals that had transferred the previous nerve signal then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone.

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22
Q

Write a definition for a reflex.

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve the conscious part of the brain that can reduce the chances of being injured.

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23
Q

What is the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) called ?

A

refelex arc

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24
Q

What parts of the CNS do neurones in a reflex arc go through ?

A

they go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain.

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25
Q

Describe the pathway of the reflex from stimulus to effector.

A

1) when a stimulus is detected by receptors, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to the CNS.

2) When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and a relay neurone, they trigger chemicals to be released which then cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone.

3) when the impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone and a motor neurone, the same thing happens. chemicals are released and cause impulses to be sent along the motor neurone.

4) the impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector ( muscle or gland ).

5) the muscle contracts or the gland secretes hormones very quickly in response to the original stimulus to protect ourselves.

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26
Q

define reaction time.

A

the time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

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27
Q

Describe the steps of the practical to measure reaction time.

A

1) the subjects arm should be resting on the edge of the table.
2) hold a ruler vertically between there thumb and finger making sure the the zero end is level with the thumb and finger.
3) let go without giving any warning
4) the subject should try top catch the ruler as fast as possible.
5) the reaction time can then be measured by the number on the ruler where its caught.
6) repeat test several times to calculate a mean distance that the ruler fell.
7) steps 1-5 can then be repeated with different factors such as caffeine and the amount of sleep.
8) make sure variable are controlled ( give examples )
9) describe a risk and precaution of carrying out the experiment.

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28
Q

describe the term hormone.

A

chemical molecules released directly in to the blood.

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29
Q

how are hormones produced ?

A

hormones are secreted by various glands.

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30
Q

what is the duration of a hormone response like ?

A

long lasting effects.

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30
Q

what is the duration of a hormone response like ?

A

long lasting effects.

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31
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found ?

A

in the middle of the brain.

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32
Q

What are the functions of the pituitary gland ?

A
  • produces many hormones that regulate body conditions.
  • called the master gland because the hormones produced by this gland stimulate other glands to release there specific hormones.
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33
Q

Where are the ovaries found ?

A

either side of the uterus.

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34
Q

what is the function of the ovaries ?

A

produces oestrogen in females which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

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35
Q

Where are the testes found ?

A

underneath the penis.

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36
Q

What is the function of the testes ?

A

produces testosterone in males which controls puberty and sperm production.

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37
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found ?

A

in the front of the neck.

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38
Q

What is the function of the thyroid ?

A

produces thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature.

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39
Q

Where is the adrenal gland located ?

A

above the kidneys

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40
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland ?

A

produces adrenaline, which is used to prepare the body for a flight or fight response .

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41
Q

Where is the pancreas located ?

A

behind the stomach and in front of the spine.

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42
Q

What is the function of the pancreas ?

A

produces insulin, which is used to regulate the blood glucose level.

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43
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found ?

A

in the middle of the brain.

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43
Q

List the 6 main glands.

A

Pituitary glands, Thyroid gland, ovaries, testes, pancreas, adrenal gland and

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44
Q

compare the endocrine and nervous system in terms of the speed of response.

A

hormone - slower than the nervous system
nerve - very fast action

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45
Q

compare endocrine and the nervous system in terms of how the signal is carried.

A

nervous system - neurones
endocrine system - bloodstream

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46
Q

What type of signal does the endocrine system produce ?

A

chemicals (hormone)

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47
Q

What type of signal does the nervous system produce ?

A

electrical impulse

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48
Q

Compare the endocrine system and the nervous system in terms of the duration of the response.

A

nervous system - short
endocrine - long

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49
Q

What kind of effector carry’s out an endocrine system response ?

A

a gland

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50
Q

What kind of effector(s) carry out a nervous system response ?

A

a muscle or gland

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51
Q

True or false. Hormones act on a very precise area with their response.

A

False - nerves act on a very precise area whilst hormones act in a ore general way.

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52
Q

how is glucose absorbed into the blood ?

A

through eating foods containing carbohydrates.

53
Q

how is glucose removed from the blood ?

A

through vigorous exercise

54
Q

how can excess glucose be stored ?

A

it can be stored as glycogen in the liver and in the muscles

55
Q

What gland controls the level of glucose in the blood ? and what hormones are produced in order to do this ?

A

the pancreas, using hormones : insulin and glucagon.

56
Q

explain how negative feedback is used to control blood glucose level if it is too high.

A
  • eating foods containing carbohydrates increases blood glucose level and can cause the blood to have an excess amount.
  • The pancreas is then simulated to secrete insulin
    -insulin stimulates the liver to convert glucose to glycogen for storage of the excess glucose, whilst also increasing the amount of diffusion of glucose into cells.
  • blood glucose is then reduced to an optimal level.
57
Q

explain how negative feedback is used to control blood glucose level if it is too low.

A
  • blood glucose level can decrease from vigorous exercise
  • when this happens the pancreas is stimulated to secrete glucagon.
  • glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose in the liver to go back into the bloodstream.
  • blood glucose levels return to optimal levels as blood glucose is increased.
58
Q

Define diabetes.

A

a condition that affects your ability to control your blood sugar level.

59
Q

define what occurs with type 1 diabetes.

A

Where the pancreas does not produce enough or any insulin.

60
Q

Explain why type 1 diabetes is problematic.

A

This is because a sufferers blood glucose level can rise to a level which can kill them. Therefore they are oxygen dependent.

61
Q

Explain two ways Type 1 diabetes can be managed.

A
  • control of diet
  • regular insulin injections at meal times
  • regular exercise (helps to remove excess glucose from blood)
62
Q

Explain why insulin injections for type 1 diabetes are better at mealtimes.

A

This makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting too high.

63
Q

Explain why insulin injections for type 1 diabetes are better at mealtimes.

A

This makes sure that glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested, stopping the level getting too high.

64
Q

What 2 factors does the amount of insulin injected into a sufferer of type 1 diabetes depend on ?

A
  • persons diet
  • how active they are
65
Q

Define what occurs with type 2 diabetes

A

Where a sufferer becomes resistant to their own insulin. (body cells don’t respond properly to the hormone produced)

66
Q

Explain why type 2 diabetes is problematic.

A

can cause a persons blood sugar level to rise to a dangerous level.

67
Q

give one risk factor of developing type 2 diabetes.

A
  • Obesity
68
Q

Explain how type 2 diabetes can be managed.

A
  • Eating a carbohydrate- controlled diet (when digested carbohydrates turns to sugar (glucose))
  • exercise
  • medication
69
Q

Define puberty

A

When a Childs body develops into an adults body.

70
Q

What happens during puberty ?

A

Where the body starts releasing sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual chareristics.

71
Q

What hormone controls puberty in males ?

A

testosterone (produced by testes)

72
Q

True or false. Testosterone is the main reproductive hormone in males.

A

True - produced by the testes and stimulates sperm production.

73
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in females and what is its role ?

A

oestrogen - produced by the ovaries brings about physical changes and involved in the menstrual cycle.

74
Q

Describe 5 changes that happen during puberty for boys.

A
  • voice breaks
  • penal and testes growth
  • testes start to produce sperm cells
  • shoulders broaden
  • facial and body hair develop
75
Q

describe 3 changes that happen to girls during puberty.

A
  • breasts develop
  • menstrual cycle starts
  • hips get wider
76
Q

Describe the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle and explain how the 4 hormones interact during this period.

A
  1. FSH is produced in the pituitary gland. This causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, in a structure called a follicle. This then stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen.
  2. Oestrogen which is produced in the ovaries causes the lining of the uterus to grow as well as stimulating the release of LH by the pituitary gland and inhibits (stops) the release of FSH.
  3. LH produced by the pituitary gland simulates the release of an egg at day 14 through ovulation.
  4. Progesterone is then produced in the ovaries. This maintains the lining of the uterus during the 2nd half of the cycle. Once the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down. It also inhibits the release of LH and FSH.
77
Q

List the 4 hormones involved in the menstrual cycle in order of the 4 stages.

A

1) FSH
2) Oestrogen
3) LH
4) Progesterone

78
Q

How does progesterone control pregnancy at the end of the menstrual cycle ?

A
  • If there is no fertilised egg at the end of the cycle, the lining of the uterus is shed.
  • FSH will then be stimulated to be released by the pituitary gland for the cycle to start again.
  • However if conception occurs the ovaries will be stimulated to increase the amount of progesterone to support the pregnancy by maintaining the thickness of the uterus wall.
79
Q

Explain how oestrogen be used as a form of contraception ?

A

Used to prevent the release of an egg. This is because if oestrogen is taken every day the level is permanently high, it inhibits the production of FSH, leading to egg development stopping.

80
Q

Explain how progesterone can be used to reduce fertility .

A

Stimulates the production of thick mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg.

81
Q

What is contained in the combined oral contraceptive pill ?

A

Contains oestrogen and progesterone.

82
Q

How successful is the combined oral contraceptive pill ?

A

99% effective

83
Q

Explain two disadvantages of using the combined oral contraceptive pill.

A
  • side effects include headaches and nausea
  • doesn’t protect against STI’s
84
Q

Why could the progesterone only pill be a better option for controlling fertility ?

A
  • fewer side effects than the pill and just as effective.
85
Q

Describe the contraceptive patch.

A

Contains progesterone and oestrogen. A small 5cm x 5cm patch that’s stuck to the skin and lasts one week.

86
Q

Describe the contraceptive implant.

A

Inserted under the skin of the arm. Releases a continuous amount of progesterone, stopping the ovaries releasing eggs, making it hard for sperm to swim to the egg, stopping any fertilised egg implanting in the uterus.

87
Q

How long does a contraceptive patch last ?

A

Can last 2-3 years.

88
Q

Describe the contraceptive injection.

A

Contains progesterone. Each does lasts 2-3 months.

89
Q

Describe an IUD ( intrauterine device )

A

A T- shaped device that is inserted into the uterus to kill sperm and prevent implantation of a fertilised egg.

90
Q

What are two main types of IUD’s

A

Plastic and copper

91
Q

What does a plastic IUD do ?

A

Release progesterone

92
Q

What does a cooper IUD do ?

A

Prevent the sperm surviving in the uterus

93
Q

name 4 types of hormonal methods of contraception.

A

1) contraceptive patch
2) contraceptive implant
3) contraceptive injection
4) intrauterine device

94
Q

list 4 types of non - hormonal methods of contraception.

A

1) condoms
2) diaphragm
3) spermicide
4) sterilisation

95
Q

describe what a female and male condom each do .

A

male - worn over the penis during intercourse to prevent sperm form entering vagina
female - worn over the vagina

96
Q

Explain why condoms is the best barrier method of contraception.

A

This is because they are not permanent and also prevent STI’s from being transmitted during intercourse.

97
Q

describe a diaphragm in terms of contraception.

A

a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix ( entrance to uterus ) to form a barrier.

98
Q

Explain why a diaphragm has to be used with spermicides.

A

This is because it is very hard to find the correct size to perfectly fit over the cervix during intercourse so the sperm can still penetrate through a lot of the time. Therefore the spermicides kills the sperm before it can reach this point.

99
Q

Explain why spermicides are not usually used on their own as a method of contraception ?

A

This is because they are not as effective as being accompanied with a diaphragm as well. ( only 70-80% effective alone ).

100
Q

Describe what sterilisation does in males.

A

involves the cutting of the sperm duct ( tube between testes and penis ) so the sperm cannot travel through the penis and be released by ejaculation.

101
Q

Describe what sterilisation does in females.

A

Involves the cutting or tying of the fallopian tubes ( which connect the ovaries to the uterus ).

102
Q

Explain 2 drawbacks of sterilisation.

A
  • it is a permanent procedure
  • there is a very small chance the tubes can rejoin
103
Q

Give two natural methods of contraception.

A
  • abstinence
  • rhythm method
104
Q

Explain the rhythm method.

A

finding out when a woman is the most fertile on her menstrual cycle and avoid sexual intercourse on those days.

105
Q

Why might someone use the rhythm method ?

A

if they think barrier and hormonal methods of contraception are unnatural and go against nature.

106
Q

What is a drawback of the rhythm method ?

A

not very effective.

107
Q

Explain what abstinence is.

A

Avoiding sexual intercourse all times

108
Q

Why is abstinence the only method of contraception that is 100 % effective ?

A

This is because avoiding sexual intercourse is the only way to completely ensure the eggs and sperm don’t meet.

109
Q

How does a low level of FSH result in infertility for women ?

A

This means that the eggs cannot mature, so no eggs are released for the women to get pregnant.

110
Q

What hormone can be given to women to stimulate ovulation ?

A

FSH and LH

111
Q

Define ovulation.

A

Where an egg is released from one of a females ovaries.

112
Q

Explain one obvious and big pro of using hormones to treat infertility in women.

A

It helps a lot of woman get pregnant when they previously couldn’t.

113
Q

Explain one obvious and big pro of using hormones to treat infertility in women.

A

It helps a lot of woman get pregnant when they previously couldn’t.

114
Q

Explain two drawbacks of using hormones to treat infertility in women.

A

1) it doesn’t always work and can become expensive after multiple attempts.

2) too mang eggs could be stimulated resulting in unexpected multiple pregnancies.

115
Q

What is IVF ( what does it stand for )

A

In Vitro fertilisation

116
Q

Explain what is involved in the technique of Intra-Cytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI) . ( a form of IVF treatment )

A

This is where the sperm is injected directly into an egg.

117
Q

Explain a circumstance for when Intra-Cytoplasmic sperm injection ( ICSI ) can be very useful.

A

if the man has a very low sperm count.

118
Q

Explain the steps involved in IVF treatment

A

1) FSH and LH are given to a women causing several eggs to mature in the ovaries .
2) The eggs are then collected from the women’s ovaries.
3) the eggs are then fertilised in a lab using the mans sperm in a test tube
4) fertilised eggs are then grown into embryos in a laboratory incubator.
5) once the embryos are tiny balls of cells, one or two of them are transferred to the women’s uterus to improve the chance of pregnancy.

119
Q

Give one benefit of using IVF.

A

can give an infertile couple a child

120
Q

Give 3 drawbacks of using IVF

A
  • Multiple births can happen if more than one embryo grows into a baby, –> risk to mothers and baby’s health.
  • success rate is very low ( around 26% in the UK )
  • emotionally and physically stressful ( abdominal pain, vomiting and dehydration )
121
Q

Explain 3 ways in which technology has improved IVF

A

1) advances in microscope techniques have improved techniques.
2) specialised micro-tools have been developed to use on the eggs and sperm under the microscope.
3) development of time lapse imaging using a microscope and camera built into the incubator means the growth of the embryos can be continuously monitored.

122
Q

Explain why specialised micro tools help to check if an embryo is healthy during IVF treatment.

A

This is because they can remove single cells from an embryo for testing health.

123
Q

Explain how time lapse imaging has improved IVF.

A

This is because the growth of an embryo can be continuously monitored to help identify those that are more likely to result in a successful pregnancy.

124
Q

Explain two reasons why IVF treatment raises ethical concerns for some groups of people .

A

1) often results in unused embryos being destroyed which is a potential human life.

2) genetic testing of embryos before implantation leads to selection of preferred chareristics, such as gender or eye colour.

125
Q

How is adrenaline released from the adrenal gland ?

A

The brain detects a fear or stress and sends nervous impulses to the adrenal glands, which respond by secreting adrenaline.

126
Q

What happens to the body when adrenaline is released by the adrenal gland ?

A

It gets the body ready for ‘flight or fight’ by triggering mechanisms that increase the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells in the brain and muscles.

127
Q

Why is an increased amount of oxygen and glucose released by adrenaline when the adrenal gland is stimulated to release the hormone ?

A

This is because during ‘fight or flight’ the hear beats faster. Therefore more O2 is pumped around the body to keep up with demand. As well as this the body needs an increase amount of glucose for an increased amount of respiration so more energy is released so the person can ‘fight’ or ‘flight’

128
Q

What does thyroxine play an important role in regulating ?

A

The basal metabolic rate

129
Q

Define the basal metabolic rate.

A

The speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur while the body is at rest.

130
Q

When is thyroxine released ?

A

In response to Thyroid stimulating hormone TSH which is released from the pituitary gland.

131
Q

How does negative feedback keep the level of thyroxine in the blood at the right level when it is too high ?

A

The secretion of Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland is inhibited, reducing the amount of thyroxine released from the thyroid gland.

132
Q

What is thyroxine made from ?

A

iodine and amino acids

Biology (7 decks)

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