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Human Physiology > Homeostasis & Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Homeostasis & Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment - a dynamic state of equilibrium

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2
Q

What is the main function of the muscular system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Allows locomotion and facial expressions
  2. Thermoregulation
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3
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. The heart and blood vessels transport blood
  2. Control of blood pressure
  3. The blood maintains nutrient balance and immunity
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4
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system and how is related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide to the body
  2. Gas homeostasis
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5
Q

What is the main function of the digestive system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients
  2. Maintains blood nutrient homeostasis
  3. Eliminates indigestible material
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6
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Fast-acting control system that responds to internal & external change
  2. Activates muscles and glands
  3. Controls homeostasis of multiple systems
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7
Q

What is the main function of the endocrine system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Slower-acting control system
  2. Controls sleep and wakefulness
  3. Controls homeostasis of multiple systems
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8
Q

What is the main function of the urinary system and how is it related to homeostasis?

A
  1. Eliminates nitrogenous waste
  2. Maintains acid-base balance
  3. Maintains osmolarity
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9
Q

When information in a homeostatic control mechanism is sent from the receptor to the control centre, is this the afferent or efferent pathway?

A

Afferent

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10
Q

When information in a homeostatic control mechanism is sent from the control centre to the effector, is this the afferent or efferent pathway?

A

Efferent

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11
Q

In glucostatic control, a rising blood glucose level is detected by what receptor?

A

Insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas

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12
Q

In glucostatic control, insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release insulin into the blood. What are the effects of this?

A
  1. Most body cells take up more glucose
  2. Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
  3. Blood glucose level declines
  4. Stimulus for insulin release diminishes
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13
Q

Is the control of blood glucose by insulin an example of a positive or a negative feedback loop?

A

Negative feedback loop

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14
Q

In glucostatic control, what receptor detects a decline in blood glucose level?

A

Glucagon-releasing cells of the pancreas

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15
Q

In glucostatic control, glucagon-releasing cells of the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon into the blood. What is the result of this?

A
  1. The liver breaks down glycogen stores and releases glucose into the blood
  2. Blood glucose level rises
  3. Stimulus for glucagon release diminishes
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16
Q

Auto-amplification of cytokines in immunity is an example of negative or positive feedback?

A

Postive feedback

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17
Q

What factors can effect the equilibrium of homeostasis?

A
  1. Circadian rhythms
  2. Hormone rhythms (menstrual cycle)
  3. Varying environment
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18
Q

What is the definition of pathophysiology?

A

An imbalance in ‘normal’ homeostasis that is not tolerated

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19
Q

What phase is described between the biological onset of disease and when symptoms appear?

A

The preclinical phase

20
Q

What phase is described between when symptoms appear and the prognosis, during which a diagnosis is given and treatment administered?

A

The clinical phase

21
Q

Feelings of a high temperature, a headache, and generally feeling unwell are examples of?

A

Symptoms

22
Q

A measured temperature higher than 38.9, inflammatory markers, low blood pressure, and a low platelet count are all examples of?

A

Measurable signs

23
Q

What is the definition of aetiology?

A

The study of causation or origination of a disease

24
Q

What does idiopathic mean in terms of disease?

A

Relating to or denoting any disease which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown

25
Q

What does iatrogenic mean in terms of disease?

A

Relating to illness caused by medical treatment

26
Q

What does nosocomial mean in terms of disease, and give an example.

A
  1. Disease originating in a hospital
  2. MRSA
27
Q

What is the definition of a risk factor?

A

A factor, when present, increases the likelihood of a disease

28
Q

Explain what pathogenesis means.

A

The development or evolution of the disease, from initial stimulus to manifestation of disease

29
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Agents of a disease, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc.

30
Q

Viral pneumonia occurs when viral colonies are inhaled and causes impaired mucociliary function & impaired immune cell function. What are the signs and symptoms?

A
  1. Excess mucus & inflamed bronchioles
  2. Chest pain & cough
  3. Fatigue
  4. Fever, sweating, and chills
31
Q

Pneumonia (infection of myocardium/pericardium) can lead to endothelial dysfunction & non-ischaemic myocardial/pericardial injury. What diseases of the heart can this ultimately lead to?

A
  1. Myocardial ischaemia/infarction
  2. Heart failure
32
Q

UTIs can ascend from the urethra, through the bladder and ureters to the kidneys via neuroepithelium penetration. What kidney diseases can this lead to?

A
  1. Chronic kidney disease
  2. Renal failure
33
Q

Chronic renal failure can impact the sodium and water balance, causing hypertension and increased vascular volume. What heart disease can this lead to?

A

Heart failure

34
Q

What three treatments can be given for viral pneumonia?

A
  1. Steroids
  2. Pure oxygen
  3. Anti-virals
35
Q

What two treatments can be given for chronic renal failure?

A
  1. Dialysis
  2. Eventually, kidney transplant
36
Q

Irreversible injury to cells can lead to what two types of cell death?

A
  1. Necrosis
  2. Apoptosis
37
Q

What are the six causes of cell stress/damage?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Metabolic
  3. Chemical agents
  4. Microbial agents
  5. Immunologic agents
  6. Genetic factors
38
Q

Sickle cell anaemia is caused by what type of cell stress/damage?

A

Genetic factor cell stress

39
Q

Demyelination, endothelial degradation, lactic acidosis, mitochondrial atrophy, and clotting are the cellular responses to what type of brain injury?

A

Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury

40
Q

Aristolochic acid was present in some Chinese Herbal Medicines. AA metabolites can cause DNA mutations and can cause cell cycle arrest - what diseases did this cause?

A
  1. Kidney nephropathy
  2. Liver cancer
41
Q

What type of cell stress adaptation is seen in cervical cancer and infection of the Human Papilloma Virus?

A

Hyperplasia

42
Q

What type of cell stress adaptation is characterised by ‘an increase in the number of cells in response to a stimulus’?

A

Hyperplasia

43
Q

Explain hypertrophy as a cell stress adaptation and give an example.

A
  1. Hypertrophy is the increased size of cells that results in an increase in the size of the affected organ
  2. High blood pressure causing hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
44
Q

Muscle atrophy can be seen during starvation. What is atrophy in terms of cell stress adaptation?

A

Atrophy is the decrease in the size of an organ due to a decrease in cell size and/or number

45
Q

Squamous metaplasia alteration is caused by smoking, where endothelial is transitioned to mesenchymal. What is metaplasia?

A

When a cell type is replaced by another cell type

46
Q
A

Human Physiology (6 decks)

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