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Midterms/Finals > Honors Bio Midterm > Flashcards

Honors Bio Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

7 properties of life

A
  • cellular organization
  • homeostasis
  • metabolism
  • responsiveness
  • reproduction
  • heredity
  • growth
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2
Q

when an organism reproduces, it passes it’s traits to the offspring

A

heredity

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3
Q

a specific testable prediction for a limited set of conditions

A

Hypothesis

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4
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions carried out by an organism

A

metabolism

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5
Q

scientific method

A
  • make observations
  • hypothesis
  • experiment
  • collect data
  • analysis
  • conclusion
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6
Q

the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment

A

homeostasis

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7
Q

the study of life

A

biology

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8
Q

An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells

A

protein

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9
Q

the starches and sugars present in foods; broken down to glucose to provide energy. Body’s main source of energy

A

carbohydrates

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10
Q

Describes a molecule in which the positive and negative charges are separated

A

polar

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11
Q

chemical bonding that occurs when atoms loose or gain electrons to become stable

A

ionic bonding

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12
Q

part of the atom that has no charge (located in the nuclear)

A

neutron

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13
Q

attraction of a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge to another hydrogen atom with a partial negative charge

A

hydrogen bonding

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14
Q

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

lipids

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15
Q

building blocks of proteins

A

amino acids

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16
Q

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, cannot be broken down any smaller

A

element

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17
Q

part of the atom that has a negative charge )located in the electron cloud)

A

electron

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18
Q

a molecule the enzyme reacts with (key to lock and key [not the show])

A

substrate

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19
Q

chemical compounds that store information (DNA and RNA)

A

nucleic acids

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20
Q

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

A

enzyme

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21
Q

share valence electrons

A

covalent bonding

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22
Q

part of an atom that has a positive charge (located in the nucleus)

A

protein

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23
Q

region where a reaction takes place (lock to lock and key [not the show])

A

active site

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24
Q

a structure that carries out specific activities inside the cell

A

organelle

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25
Q

cells DNA is stored inside the nucleus, have membrane bound organelles, can carry out specific functions

A

eukaryotic

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26
Q

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

A

golgi apparatus

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27
Q

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

A

cytoskeleton

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28
Q

cell theory

A

all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function

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29
Q

a fluid sea of lipids in which proteins float, controls which materials leave and enter the cell

A

cell membrane

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30
Q

movement of substances across the cell membrane without using energy

A

passive transport

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31
Q

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

A

mitochondria

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32
Q

a cell that has no nucleus, cell membrane provides support and structure

A

prokaryotic

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33
Q

a network of membranes inside a cell that transports proteins and other molecules

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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34
Q

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes; has a hydrophilic “head” containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic “tails” derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue

A

phospholipid

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35
Q

carrier proteins require this to move substances across the concentration gradient

A

pumps

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36
Q

the movement of material out of the cell by means of a vesicle

A

exocytosis

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37
Q

the movement of a material into the cell by means of a vesicle

A

endocytosis

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38
Q

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction; control center of the cell (brain)

A

nucleus

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39
Q

Synthesizes proteins. Mostly found on the rough E.R. but can also be in the cytoplasm

A

ribosomes

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40
Q

A small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones

A

lysosomes

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41
Q

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane (carrier proteins and channel proteins)

A

transport proteins

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42
Q

serve as tunnels through the lipid bi-layer for ions, sugars, and amino acids

A

channel proteins

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43
Q

transport substances that fit within the binding site across the cell membrane

A

carrier proteins

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44
Q

transport proteins help substances diffuse through the cell membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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45
Q

small non-polar molecules can pass directly through the lipid bi-layer

A

simple diffusion

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46
Q

the movement down the concentration gradient

A

diffusion

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47
Q

water diffuses across a semi-permeable membrane, allows the cell to maintain water balance as their environment changes

A

osmosis

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48
Q

requires energy to move substances across the cell membrane

A

active transport

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49
Q

organisms use sunlight to convert CO2 into glucose, takes place in the chloroplast of plants

A

photosynthesis

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50
Q

a form of sugar that provides energy for an organism

A

glucose

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51
Q

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

A

calvin cycle

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52
Q

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

A

electron transport chain

53
Q

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

A

light dependant reaction

54
Q

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar; also called the Calvin cycle

A

light independant reaction

55
Q

process that does not require oxygen (glycolysis)

A

anaerobic

56
Q

process that requires oxygen (krebs cycle, electron transport chain)

A

aerobic

57
Q

process that releases energy by breaking down glucose from food in the presence of oxygen

A

cellular respiration

58
Q

process by which yeast and a few other microorganisms break down pyruvate into carbon dioxide and alcohol

A

alcoholic fermentation

59
Q

process by which pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (produced in muscles during exercise)

A

lactic acid fermentation

60
Q

the process of glucose being broken down by enzymes, releasing energy and making pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

61
Q

second stage in cell. resp. in which pruvate is broken down into CO2 in a series of energy-extracting reactions

A

krebs cycle

62
Q

main energy source that cells use for most of their work (adenosine triphosphate)

A

ATP

63
Q

process of dividing the nucleus into two daughter nucleii (divided into four phases)

A

mitosis (4 phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

64
Q

phase of mitosis when chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, and spindle forms (longest phase)

A

prophase

65
Q

phase of mitosis when chromosomes line up across the center of the cell (shortest phase)

A

metaphase

66
Q

phase of mitosis when the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

A

anaphase

67
Q

phase of mitosis when the nuclear envelope reforms and spindle breaks apart (final phase)

A

telophase

68
Q

after mitosis, cytoplasm divides into two individual daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

69
Q

happens before mitosis, cell is growing/preparing to divide (G1, S, G2)

A

Interphase

70
Q

part of interphase, cell grows rapidly as the cell builds more organelles

A

G1 phase

71
Q

part of interphase, cells DNA is copies (nucleus has twice as much DNA)

A

S phase

72
Q

part of interphase, microtubes are organized in the cytoplasm

A

G2 phase

73
Q

cell undergoes inspection to ensure it is ready for the next phase, feedback signals of key points in the cycle can delay/trigger the next phase in the cycle

A

checkpoints

74
Q

the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis

A

centromere

75
Q

chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent

A

homologous

76
Q

help pull apart the cell during replication and are made up of micro tubules

A

spindle fibers

77
Q

uncontrolled cell growth + division result in masses of cells that invade and destroy healthy tissue

A

cancer

78
Q

defective cells divide and produces more defective cells to form this

A

tumor

79
Q

A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent

A

asexual reproduction

80
Q

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

autosomes

81
Q

chromosomes that determine the gender/sex of an individual

A

sex chromosomes

82
Q

a form of cell division that produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes that are in the parent cell, process happens

A

meiosis I
meiosis II

83
Q

process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis

A

crossing-over

84
Q

organism or cell that has only one complete set of chromosomes

A

haploid

85
Q

organism or cell that has two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number

A

diploid

86
Q

diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

A

pedigree

87
Q

An organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits

A

phenotype

88
Q

the allele that is expressed or shown

A

dominant

89
Q

not expressed when a dominant allele is present, only expressed if there are two recessive traits

A

recessive

90
Q

father of genetics, became a monk after college and taught high school science, working with peal plants, discovered genetics and how they were passed (dominant and recessive)

A

Gregor Mendal

91
Q

An organism’s genetic makeup, or allele combinations

A

genotype

92
Q

An alternative form of a gene

A

allele

93
Q

pattern in which the recessive and dominant allele in a genotype is both expressed at the same time

A

codominant

94
Q

an organism that has two different alleles for a trait

A

heterozygous

95
Q

an organism that has the same or identical alleles for a trait

A

homozygous

96
Q

three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait

A

multiple alleles

97
Q

a mix of the two alleles given from the parents, neither dominant and recessive (red + white = pink)

A

incomplete dominance

98
Q

gene located on the X or Y chromosome

A

sex-linked

99
Q

Mendel’s law that states during gamete formation, the alleles for each gene segregate from each other and each gamete carries only one allele from each gene

A

law of segregation

100
Q

Each member of a pair of homologous chromosomes separates independently of the members of other pairs so the results are random

A

law of independent assortment

101
Q

monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

A

nucleotide

102
Q

a component of nucleic acids, pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in mRNA

A

adenine

103
Q

a component of nucleic acid, pairs with adenine in DNA and switches in uracil in mRNA

A

thymine

104
Q

a component of nucleic acid, pairs with guanine in both DNA and mRNA

A

cytosine

105
Q

a component of nucleic acid, pairs with cytosine in both DNA and mRNA

A

guanine

106
Q

proteins that unwind DNA double helix, wedge themselves between the strands and break hydrogen bonds

A

DNA helicase

107
Q

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

A

DNA polymerase

108
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA

109
Q

process of making a copy of DNA, DNA molecules unwind, two sides split, new nucleotides added to each side until there are 2 identical sequences

A

DNA replication

110
Q

Enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription

A

RNA polymerase

111
Q

sequence of three adjacent nucleotides, each one matches an amino acid

A

codon

112
Q

a nitrogen-containing base found in RNA, but not DNA, pairs with adenine in mRNA

A

uracil

113
Q

the process where the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA

A

transcription

114
Q

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

A

anti codon

115
Q

the process of converting nucleotide sequences to amino acid

A

translation

116
Q

transfer RNA, carried amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

117
Q

messenger RNA, carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

A

mRNA

118
Q

ribosomal RNA, makes up part of the ribosome

A

rRNA

119
Q

change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another

A

Point mutation (nucleotide mutation)

120
Q

the change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another, new codon codes for the same amino acid as the original codon

A

silent mutation (gene mutation)

121
Q

the change of a single nucleotide in a sequence from one kind of base to another, new codon codes for a different amino acid then the original codon

A

missense mutation (gene mutation)

122
Q

similar to insertion/deletion but instead of in multiples of three it’s only one nucleotide

A

frameshift mutation (gene mutation)

123
Q

when a codon is changed so that the beginning of the sequence is a stop codon

A

nonsense mutation (gene mutation)

124
Q

when a piece of the chromosome is lost

A

deletion (chromosomal mutation)

125
Q

occurs when a piece remains attached to the chromosome after meiosis

A

duplication (chromosomal mutation)

126
Q

when a chromosome piece reattaches to it’s original chromosome, but in reverse direction

A

inversion (chromosomal mutation)

127
Q

when a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a different chromosome

A

translocation (chromosomal mutation)

128
Q

when the genes in the chromosome are completely rearranged

A

gene rearrangement (chromosomal mutation)

Midterms/Finals (3 decks)

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